Laxative (bark decoction); anticancer and hypotensive (stem bark); anthelmintic (bark); hypothermic and aphrodisiac (prolongs erection in males); astringent and galactogogue, antibacterial activity (Khan et al., 2003).

Alterative, analgesic, anticholesterolemic, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, deobstruent, emmenagogue, emollient, hepatic, laxative, sedative and peripheral vasodilator (root)

Hepatic and ophthalmic (seeds)

Antiprotozoal (plant); hypothermic (fruit); laxative (fruit and root); promotes or stimulates the flow of bile and dilates blood vessels (root bark); antiseptic, astringent, cholagogue, hepatic, purgative, refrigerant, stomachic and tonic (bark and root bark)

As an aperient and tonic, the volatile oil is used as a counterirritant and stimulant. Antirheumatic and stimulates pancreatic secretions and the gastric mucosa (seed); hypoglycaemic specifically through an increase in the concentration of hepatic glycogen and glycogenesis.

Alterative, analgesic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiperiodic, antipyretic, antiviral, carminative, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, haemolytic, hepatic, pectoral, sedative (root)

Alterative, analgesic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiperiodic, antipyretic, antiviral, carminative, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, haemolytic, hepatic, pectoral, sedative (root)

Appetizer, aromatic, bitter, cholagogue, diaphoretic, digestive, emetic, weakly febrifuge, hepatic, stomachic and tonic (herb)

Antibacterial, antifungal, hypotensive, antitumor, astringent, diuretic, hepatic and tonic (fruit); astringent, antimalarial and tonic (stem bark); antibacterial, diuretic, hypotensive and a urinary antiseptic (plant)

Antibacterial, antifungal, hypotensive, antitumor, astringent, diuretic, hepatic and tonic (fruit); astringent, antimalarial and tonic (stem bark); antibacterial, diuretic, hypotensive and a urinary antiseptic (plant).

Aphrodisiac, demulcent, diaphoretic, hepatic and tonic (seed)

Antibilious, appetizer, carminative, cholagogue, mildly diuretic, hepatic, laxative and antiscorbutic (whole plant)

Aphrodisiac, renal and a hepatic tonic (whole plant)

Aphrodisiac, demulcent, diaphoretic, hepatic and tonic (seed)

Anodyne, antihemorraghic, hepatic, tonic

Antirheumatic, cancer, emmenagogue, galactofuge, haemostatic, hepatic and tonic (roots); diuretic (seed); for rheumatism (plant)

Diuretic, febrifuge and emetic (decoction of plant); diuretic and antihepatic (entire plant); as vulnerary (leaves); tonic and depurative (aerial parts).

Analgesic, anticholesterolemic, aphrodisiac, depurative, diuretic, hepatic, hypotensive, sedative, tonic and vasodilator (stem bark); astringent (flowers, fruits).

Alterative, cardiac, cathartic, cholagogue, diuretic, expectorant, hepatic, laxative, stimulant and tonic (stem and root bark); emetic and strongly laxative (seed)

Antiphlogistic, astringent, strongly laxative, cathartic, detergent, depurative, diuretic, hepatic, ophthalmic and purgative (whole plant)