Cytotoxic and anthelmintic (seed); antiestrogenic (root); stimulates the cardiovascular system (aerial part); Abortifacient (seed and root), anodyne, aphrodisiac, antimicrobial, diuretic, emetic, expectorant, febrifuge, hemostat, laxative, purgative, refrigerant, sedative, vermifuge, anti-fertility activity (Prakash & Mathur, 1976), antitumour activity

Lowers blood lipids and cholesterol, reduces stress, builds endurance and vigor, estrogenic, aphrodisiac, anthelmintic, stimulant and tonic. An acid exudation from the seedpods is astringent.

Oestrogenic agent, carminative, stimulant and stomachic (fruit); antidiarrhoeal (powder or decoction of the fruits); antibacterial (leaves and seeds); stimulant, antiseptic, stomachic, carminative, mildly expectorant and gastrointestinal spasmolytic (plant essential oil).

Oestrogenic agent, antibacterial, carminative, diuretic, odontalgic, stimulant, and stomachic (fruits); stimulant, antiseptic, stomachic, carminative, mildly expectorant and gastrointestinal spasmolytic (plant essential oil).

Abortifacient, antibacterial, antiedemic, antiinflammatory, antimitotic, antimutagenic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, aphrodisiac, choleretic, diaphoretic, emetic, emmenagogue, estrogenic, expectorant, hallucinogen, hepatoprotective, hepatotoxic, immunostimulant, narcotic, sedative and vulnerary.

Antiestrogenic, antiinflammatory, diuretic, emmenagogue, emollient and expectorant (bulb); carminative (flowers)

Diuretic, hypoglycaemic and hypotensive (seed); antibacterial, anticancer, antidepressant, antipyretic, cardioprotective, carminative, depurative, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, estrogenic, hepatoprotective, hypocholesterolemic, hypotensive, resolvent, mutagenic.

Aphrodisiac, contraceptive, demulcent, diuretic, emollient, estrogenic, expectorant, laxative, pectoral, purgative, refrigerant