Laxative and cardiotonic (seed); carminative (leaf infusion); appetizer, carminative, demulcent, laxative, stimulant and stomachic (leaf)

Improves cardiac function (plant) and laxative (seed); demulcent, deobstruent, diuretic, lactagogue, purgative, and tonic

Astringent, anthelmintic, diuretic, demulcent and expectorant (fruit)

Antiinflammatory, alterative, antipyretic, aperitif, astringent, bitter, cholagogue, contraceptive, demulcent, hepatotonic, laxative, litholytic, natriuretic, rubefacient, sedative, tonic (bark)

Diuretic, antiinflammatory and depresses the central nervous system (50% EtOH plant extract); laxative (seed); nauseant, emetic, emollient and diaphoretic (bulb)

Emmenagogue, abortifacient, refrigerant, demulcent, emetic, purgative and abortive (leaves). Root is astringent; seeds are corrective of blood, antiimplantation and toxic to the liver.

The seed is cooling, diuretic, tonic and vermifuge. hypothermic. The fruit is depurative, diuretic, emollient, purgative and resolvent; emollient and tones the skin. as well as protects it from the sun.

Alleviates spasms, anticancer and hypoglycemic (plant); aphrodisiac (rhizome), demulcent, diuretic, tonic.

Demulcent(tuber powder); Anthelmintic (essential plant oil)

Cooling and demulcent (tuber); stimulant and carminative (rhizome); hepatoprotective

Aphrodisiac, demulcent, diaphoretic, hepatic and tonic (seed)

Aphrodisiac, demulcent, diaphoretic, hepatic and tonic (seed)

Astringent (stem bark); laxative, astringent and anti-inflammatory (seed); antivinous, astringent, cardiac, carminative, digestive, diuretic, emollient, expectorant, pectoral, peptic, refrigerant, restorative, stimulant and tonic (fruit)

Astringent, diuretic, ophthalmic, alterative, anabolic, antiseptic, aperient, cyanogenetic, demulcent, depurative, emollient, sudorific, vulnerary, hypoglycemic.

Atiscorbutic and astringent (flowers, leaves); Cardiotonic, demulcent, diuretic, expectorant, febrifuge, laxative, restorative and tonic (seed)

Diuretic, emollient, astringent and galactagogue (root); diuretic, stimulant, acrid and aphrodisiac (culm)

Antidote and demulcent(fruits); astringent (seeds); hypoglycemic, antiviral and antiprotozoal (bark); antifertility agent and emmenagogue (plant)

Antibilious, laxative, demulcent (leaf);

Expectorant, contraceptive (plant); emetic (bulb and fresh leaves); Antiscrofulatic and emollient (leaves).

The seeds are used as cooling and tonic, antidiarrheal, astringent and hypoglycemic (bark); reduces fever (seed); stops bodily secretions and hemostatic (bark and leaf buds); emollient, demulcent and alleviates pain (fruit).