Antirheumatic, astringent, lithontripic, salve and sedative (bark)

Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiphlogistic, demulcent, pectoral, skin, styptic and vulnerary (root)

Antiphlogistic, demulcent, diuretic, febrifuge, haemostatic and vulnerary (plant); astringent and resolvent (leaves); antiabortifacient, antibacterial, cooling, demulcent, diuretic, resolvent and uterosedative (root)

Stimulant (root); stimulates the heart and contraction of the uterus (seed); emetic (bark); astringent (gum and bark); demulcent (flower, gum and bark).

Antiseptic, antiinflammatory, diuretic, febrifugal, nervine, laxative, demulcent, emollient and diaphoretic (herb)

Emollient, diuretic and anticatarrhal (root); dissolves gall stones (seed oil).

Anthelmintic and antiascarid, diuretic (root); emollient and febrifuge (seed); anthelmintic (leaves and bark)

Demulcent, expectorant, immunostimulant, irritant, rubefacient, stimulant and vulnerary.

Diuretic (decoction of rhizome); demulcent, diaphoretic and diuretic (plant)

Anodyne, anthelmintic, demulcent, diuretic, emollient, emmenagogue, febrifuge, laxative, narcotic and tonic (seed). It is a pain-killer, sleep-inducer and used to relieve some of the unpleasant side effects suffered by people undergoing chemotherapy. Stimulates the secretion of gastric juices (flower); induces sleep, aphrodisiac, on the cardiovascular and central nervous systems, depresses respiration, analgesic, entheogenic, induces euphoria, hypnotic, intoxicant, narcotic, alleviates spasms.

The seeds are acrid, bitter, thermogenic, emollient, stimulant, intellect promoting, digestive, laxative, emetic, expectorant, appetizer, aphrodisiac, cardiotonic, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, emmenagogue, diaphoretic, febrifuge and tonic, improves learning and memory and shows cognitive enhancing abilities through an anti-cholinesterase-like mechanism.

Demulcent and emollient (seedpods); astringent and purgative (seed husk); astringent (bark).

Emollient and lubricant (mucilage of leaves); aphrodisiac (plant); antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, cytotoxic, antitumour and insecticidal (seed oil)

Stimulates the secretion and flow of gastric juices and kills bacteria (similar to that of antibiotics), demulcent, anti-inflammatory, anti-emetic, expectorant.

Allergenic, antibilious, antidiabetic, antidiarrheal, antipyretic, antiradicular, antiviral, bitter, carminative, chemopreventive, choleretic, demulcent, diuretic, expectorant, gastrostimulant, hypocholesterolemic, hypoglycemic, immunostimulant, laxative, lipolytic, phagocytotic, probiotigenic, stimulant, tonic.

Laxative (plant); diuretic, cooling, demulcent, diuretic, purgative and aphrodisiac (seed); febrifuge (leaves)

Acrid, laxative (seed, root and its bark), diuretic (root bark), alexiteric, anthelmintic, purgative, demulcent, tonic, alleviates spasms (root).

Anthelmintic, antiseptic, astringent, bactericidal, depurative, diuretic, purgative, refrigerant and stomachic as an emollient (oil extract) on the immune system, The milky juice is a refrigerant.

Bitter, demulcent, laxative and astringent (whole plant).

Alterative, analgesic, antispasmodic, aperient, astringent, carminative, demulcent, emmenagogue, expectorant, nervine, rejuvenative, and stimulant.