Diuretic and antipyretic (decoction of whole plant); tonic (leaves); febrifuge (decoction of roots).

The whole herb is anthelmintic, aromatic, digestive, diuretic, emmenagogue, sedative and stomachic; laxative and kills nematodes (root); antibacterial (against Gram-positive types) (flower extract)

Analgesic, anaesthetic, antispasmodic, antibacterial, antidote, candidicide, digestive, diuretic, febrifuge, fungicide, hypotensive, myorelaxant, nematicide, narcotic, sedative, hallucinogenic, stimulant and pediculicide (leaves and whole plant)

Anthelmintic, antispasmodic, aromatic, diaphoretic, diuretic, purgative and stomachic (whole plant)

Aromatic, digestive, diuretic and sedative (whole plant); carminative and refereshing (decoction of the flowers).

Astringent and diuretic (branchlets and leaves)

Emetic (berries); antiecchymotic, diuretic, emetic, haemolytic and rubefacient (root)

Antibacterial, cholagogue, decongestant, depurative, diuretic, febrifuge, galactogogue, laxative and stomachic (plant); anticancer (stem)

All parts of the plant, but especially the root, are slightly aperient, cholagogue, depurative, strongly diuretic, hepatic, laxative, stomachic and tonic. The root is also experimentally cholagogue, hypoglycaemic and a weak antibiotic against yeast infections; antitumor and hypoglycemic (plant); prevents gall and kidney stone formation and aids in eliminating these stones. if present (root and leaf).

Abortifacient, analgesic, antirheumatic, antitumor, diaphoretic, diuretic, emmenagogue, febrifuge and pectoral (plant)

Antirheumatic, diuretic and anthelmintic (root); antihepatotoxic, stimulates the central nervous system, antiprotozoal, purifies the blood and analgesic (plant).

Anthelmintic, diaphoretic, diuretic, pectoral and tonic (root)

The bark is bitter, styptic, diuretic and cardiotonic.

Sudorific (leaves); vermifuge (decoction of leaves); diuretic and cardiotonic (tannin from bark and leaves).

Deobstruent, diuretic, febrifuge, galactagogue, sedative and vermifuge (pith)

Diuretic (decoction of plant)

Antiseptic, diaphoretic, diuretic and emmenagogue (tea made from the leaves)

Anti-inflammatory, antirheumatic, aperient, aromatic, astringent, bitter, carminative, diaphoretic, digestive, diuretic, stimulant and tonic (whole plant).

Alterative, antipyretic, antiscorbutic, antiseptic, astringent, carminative, diaphoretic, diuretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, tonic and vulnerary.

Laxative, antiperiodic, aperient, purgative and diuretic (root); alleviates spasms (plant).