Antiasthmatic, antitussive, diuretic and purgative. The seed is also cardiotonic (seed); expectorant (root); antibacterial (plant)

Antiasthmatic (plant); hypotensive (accompanied by short-term respiratory stimulation) (seed extract); diuretic and alleviates spasms (seed).

Antispasmodic, antitussive, diaphoretic, diuretic, emmenagogue, tonic and vulnerary (whole plant and flowers); anti-spasmodic and in large doses emetic (plant)

Insecticidal, hypothermic, diuretic and stimulates the central nervous system (plant); antitubercular, antifungal and antibacterial (root bark).

Diuretic, inhibits flatulence and stimulates the secretion of gastric juices.

Antibacterial, antiseptic, antitumour, cardiotonic, diuretic and tonic (fruit); anodyne, diaphoretic, febrifuge, pectoral and vulnerary (leaves); diaphoretic (bark)

Antitussive, diuretic, carminative, expectorant, febrifuge, pectoral, sedative and tonic (bulb)

Antiestrogenic, antiinflammatory, diuretic, emmenagogue, emollient and expectorant (bulb); carminative (flowers)

Reduces fever, stimulates the secretion and/or flow of milk, sweet, bitter, refrigerant, galactagogue, expectorant, aphrodisiac, diuretic, antipyretic and tonic (bulb); astringent, antiinflammatory and emollient.

Antiphlogistic, astringent, strongly laxative, cathartic, detergent, depurative, diuretic, hepatic, ophthalmic and purgative (whole plant)

Aromatic, decongestant, stomachic (plant); diuretic and vermicidal (fruit); febrifuge (seed); anodyne, antiphlogistic, antispasmodic, astringent, carminative, diaphoretic, stomachic and tonic (root)

Anthelmintic, diuretic, emetic and purgative (whole herb)

The seed is analgesic, demulcent, emollient, laxative, pectoral and resolvent; increases nerve strength (flower); emollient, expectorant, reduces fever, laxative, aphrodisiac, diuretic and carminative.

Anodyne, antibacterial, deobstruent, diuretic, emmenagogue, febrifuge, parasiticide and refrigerant (plant)

Anodyne, antiphlogistic, astringent, balsamic and haemostatic (stem); antirheumatic, diuretic and galactogogue (fruit)

Antiseptic, carminative, diuretic, expectorant, parasiticide, poultice, salve, sedative, stimulant, vulnerary (resin obtained from the trunk of the tree)

Used domestically as a diuretic, tonic and stimulant (root); aphrodisiac (bark).

Diuretic, lithontripic and oxytocic (mature seeds); sedative (leaves); depurative (root); contraceptive (herb extract)

Analgesic, antigonadotropic, antiseptic, contraceptive, diuretic (root)

Antiparalytic, anticephalalgic, antihysteric, carminative, spasmolytic and diuretic (whole plant); tonic (fruits and bark); antifungal (plant essential oil).