Oil has antifungal and antibacterial properties; antimicrobial, analgesic, antipyretic and depresses the central nervous system (essential plant oil); antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, cyanogenetic, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant, preventative (cold), stimulant and insecticidal.

Astringent, diuretic, ophthalmic, alterative, anabolic, antiseptic, aperient, cyanogenetic, demulcent, depurative, emollient, sudorific, vulnerary, hypoglycemic.

The leaves, flowering tops and seeds are anodyne, antiasthmatic, antispasmodic, hallucinogenic, hypnotic, mydriatic and narcotic; kills insects (plant extract); antidandruff (fruit); narcotic (seed); intoxicating (which can be fatal) and sedative (young fruit); anticholinergic, cyanogenetic, expectorant, reduces fever, fumitory, fungicidal, hypnotic, poisonous.

Analgesic, aphrodisiac, contraceptive, cyanogenetic, insecticide, rodenticide and sterilant.

Antiprotozoal, anticancer, lowers blood sugar, alleviates spasms, stimulates the cardiovascular system, arrests bleeding, reduces fever, soothes the skin and mucous membranes, mild laxative, sedative, relieves pain, cyanogenetic, diuretic.

Antiviral, cyanogenetic; antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer and antiparasitic (root)

Cathartic, cyanogenetic, discutient, emetic, stomachic, and vulnerary.

Antiabortive, cyanogenetic, emollient, intoxicant, and poison; demulcent and diuretic (seed); astringent and haemostatic (inflorescence).

Heart stimulant, anthelmintic, alexiteric, expectorant, cardiac, diuretic deobstruent and emmenagogue (bulb) and cyanogenetic (plant); aids in removing any obstructions to secretion or excretion (in the body) and expectorant.