Antifertility (dried pulverized leaves); aphrodisiac (root infusion)

Blood tonic, carminative and contraceptive (roots and stems)

Laxative (bark decoction); anticancer and hypotensive (stem bark); anthelmintic (bark); hypothermic and aphrodisiac (prolongs erection in males); astringent and galactogogue, antibacterial activity (Khan et al., 2003).

Induces photosensitization (fruit); Contraceptive, diuretic and tonic (Seed)

Laxative and abortifacient (fruit juice); antiscorbutic and stimulates the flow of bile, emmenagogue (leaf); alleviates spasms (plant); antifertility (unripe fruit); antiinflammatory, diuretic.

Analgesic, antibacterial, astringent, circulotonic, contraceptive, demulcent, diuretic, emetic, hepatotonic, laxative, litholytic, vulnerary.

Analgesic, anticonvulsant, antidote, aphrodisiac, cardiotonic, contraceptive, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, expectorant, hydragogue, lactagogue, laxative, narcotic, tonic (plant); cardiotonic, cathartic, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic and expectorant (roots)

Acrid, antiseptic, antifertility, diaphoretic, expectorant, irritant and stimulant (root).

Tonic, stimulant, emetic, emmenagogue, abortifacient, stimulant, diuretic, anticancer, insecticidal and contraceptive (plant).

Antipyretic, cancer, contraceptive, antitumour, bactericidal, emollient and vulnerary (roots).

Antibacterial and antifungal (essential leaf oil); analgesic, anthelmintic, antifertility, antiseptic, antispasmodic, stimulant, carminative, promotes or stimulates the flow of bile, deobstruent (of bowel), diuretic, reduces fever, narcotic.

Anthelmintic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, cholagogue, emmenagogue, febrifuge, stimulant, stomachic, tonic, vermifuge. antifungal (essential plant oil); contraceptive (plant); hepatoprotective (methanol extract).

Aphrodisiac, diuretic, demulcent, tonic, pectoral, stimulant, antifertility.

Antifertility (root extract); emmenagogue (leaves and roots).

Antiseptic, aromatic, carminative, contraceptive (according to the Himalaya Drug Co.. see Miscellaneous field below).

Antiviral, anthelmintic, female contraceptive.

Antifertility (flower and seed); anthelmintic and laxative (seed); astringent (gum); stops secretions and hemostatic, bitter, pungent, emmenagogue, alliterative,tonic, diuretic, aphrodisiac.

Anticancer and alleviates spasms (aerial part); as a contraceptive by the hill tribes of Kerala (juice of the ripe fruit, and stone); vermifuge (wood)

Sudorific (leaves or roots); antifertility (juice from boiled branches); antispasmodic during childbirth (root extracts and bark).

Cardiotoxic, contraceptive, convulsant, curare, emetic and narcotic (root)