Antibacterial, cholagogue, decongestant, depurative, diuretic, febrifuge, galactogogue, laxative and stomachic (plant); anticancer (stem)

All parts of the plant, but especially the root, are slightly aperient, cholagogue, depurative, strongly diuretic, hepatic, laxative, stomachic and tonic. The root is also experimentally cholagogue, hypoglycaemic and a weak antibiotic against yeast infections; antitumor and hypoglycemic (plant); prevents gall and kidney stone formation and aids in eliminating these stones. if present (root and leaf).

Antibacterial (stem extract); mild relaxant, cordiotonic and choleretic (bark)

Cholagogue, demulcent, diuretic, lithontripic, mildly stimulant and vasodilator (corn silks); diuretic and a mild stimulant (seeds); anticancerous (plant)