Hypotensive (50% EtOH aerial part extract); cardiacstimulant (aerial part); analgesic and anti-inflammatory; as an antidote for snake poison.

Analgesic, aperitif, astringent, cardiac, diaphoretic, digestive, emmenagogue, odontalgic, sialagogue, sternutatory and styptic (leaves)

Antifungal, antibacterial, antiperiodic, antirheumatic, antispasmodic, aromatic, cardiac, carminative, diaphoretic, emmenaggue, febrifuge, sedative, stimulant, stomachic, tonic and vermifuge (root); anodyne, antiperiodic, antispasmodic, digestive, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant, sedative, stimulant, stomachic, sudorific, tonic, vermifuge (whole plant)

Cardiac and diaphoretic (leaves)

Antispasmodic, astringent, bitter, cardiac depressant, diuretic, emetic, febrifuge, rubefacient and vermifuge (root and stem bark); emmenagogue, bechic, deobstruent and ophthalmic (fruit); astringent (leaves); as a wash for parasitic ulcers, itch, and eruptions (leaves, bark of the trunk, and roots)

Antibacterial, cardiac, depurative, digestive, stimulant, anti-emetic, stomachic and tonic (plant); antiseptic and vulnerary (leaves and bulbs); as antiseptic mouthwash, carminative and stomachic (seeds).

Laxative (bark decoction); anticancer and hypotensive (stem bark); anthelmintic (bark); hypothermic and aphrodisiac (prolongs erection in males); astringent and galactogogue, antibacterial activity (Khan et al., 2003).

Antispasmodic, aperient, cardiac, demulcent, diaphoretic, diuretic, sedative and tonic (plant); diaphoretic, hypotensive, strongly diuretic and laxative (roots); cardiac sedative, palliative, diuretic and laxative (rhizome); antibiotic (seed).

Laxative (root); enhances strength of heart muscle (plant); cardiac and stimulant (fruits and leaves).

Alterative, analgesic, antirheumatic, antispasmodic, astringent, blood cleanser, cardiac, diuretic, emetic, emmenagogue, expectorant, laxative, sedative, stimulant, sudorific and tonic.

Improves cardiac function (plant) and laxative (seed); demulcent, deobstruent, diuretic, lactagogue, purgative, and tonic

Improves blood flow (by dilating the blood vessels and coronary arteries), strengthens the heart and aids in oxygenating the blood (the above effects are gradual); antispasmodic, cardiac, diuretic, sedative, tonic and vasodilator (fruit);

Antispasmodic, cardiac, diuretic, sedative, tonic and vasodilator (fruit); astringent (berk)

Astringent (stem bark); laxative, astringent and anti-inflammatory (seed); antivinous, astringent, cardiac, carminative, digestive, diuretic, emollient, expectorant, pectoral, peptic, refrigerant, restorative, stimulant and tonic (fruit)

Useful as a cardiac tonic (decoction of leaves and flowers)

Cardiac, strongly diuretic, stimulant and tonic (leaves)

Cardiotonic, contraceptive, diuretic, oxytocic and dilates the bronchial tubes (plant); cardiac and circulatory stimulant (tincture)

Alterative, cardiac, cathartic, cholagogue, diuretic, expectorant, hepatic, laxative, stimulant and tonic (stem and root bark); emetic and strongly laxative (seed)

Antispasmodic, cardiac, diaphoretic, diuretic, sedative (leaves); in the treatment of insomnia and nervous tension, varicose veins, biliary obstruction, hepatitis and jaundice (infusion)

Nervine tonic, brain tonic, demulcent, anti-acidic, expectorant, antipyretic, diuretic, aphrodisiac, carminative and cardiac tonic.