Bitter and stomachic (whole plant); aperitif, bitter, cardiotonic, tonic (shoots)

Astringent (galls); astringent and bitter (bark)

The bark is bitter, styptic, diuretic and cardiotonic.

Anti-inflammatory, antirheumatic, aperient, aromatic, astringent, bitter, carminative, diaphoretic, digestive, diuretic, stimulant and tonic (whole plant).

As a bitter tonic and antipyretic (decoction of the bark)

Diuretic and carminative (root); lowers blood pressure, depresses heart activity and antifungal (essential oil); carminative (fruit and root); stimulant and alleviates spasms (fruit); antispasmodic, stimulant, tonic and carminative (plant); strongly antiseptic, antispasmodic, aromatic, bitter, diaphoretic, digestive, diuretic, expectorant and tonic (seed oil).

Bitter, carminative, diuretic, expectorant, nervine and stimulant (root); antispasmodic, aphrodisiac, emmenagogue, diaphoretic and stimulant (plant)

Astringent, bitter (bark); cardiotonic (seed); irritant (plant juice).

Depresses the central nervous system, analgesic, antifungal, antibacterial, antiinflammatory (leaf), anodyne, bitter tonic, expectorant, diuretic, febrifuge, galactagogue, emenagogue, antigastalgic, leaves anti-parasitical, alterative, aromatic, pain reliever.

Antibacterial, antiinflammatory, antimelanomic, antitumor, astringent, analgesic, depurative, fungicide, bitter (plant or root); antiedemic, antiinflammatory, and hemolytic (plant extract).

Appetizer, anthelmintic, bitter, digestible and tasty (fruit); anthelmintic, tonic (seeds); hypoglycaemic (stems with thorns).

Antiinflammatory, anesthetic and "antagonistic" (fruit’s essential oil); bitter and aromatic (bark); astringent, stimulant and digestive (pericarp)