Sedative (fruit); expectorant and insect repellent (flowers); astringent, antitussive and antidiarrheic (leaves)

Anti-bacterial, anti-fungal (seeds); antiseptic (herb); stimulates the heart, nervous system, gall bladder, antidote, antiphlogistic, antitussive, diuretic, emmenagogue, febrifuge, laxative and tonic (fruit)

Astringent, analgesic, anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory, antitussive, diuretic and expectorant (bark)

Analgesic, anticoagulant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antitussive, astringent, diuretic, expectorant and stomachic (bark)

Antitussive, astringent, demulcent, expectorant, febrifuge and pectoral (bulb)

Antitussive

Antitussive

Antidote, antitussive, astringent, expectorant, galactogogue and purgative (bulb)

Antitussive

Anthelmintic and febrifuge (stem bark); anthelmintic and antifebrile (root bark); antipruritic (thorns on the plant); antibacterial, antifungal, antitussive, astringent, emetic, expectorant, haemostatic and stimulant (fruit); emetic, expectorant, decongestant and purgative (seed);

Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiphlogistic, antispasmodic, antitussive, cholagogue, demulcent, emollient, expectorant and laxative (root);

Protects against infections; stomachic, antidiarrhoeal and antitussive (berries); astringent and vermifuge (leaves and twigs)

Antitussive, blood purifier and expectorant.

Expectorant and stomach tonic (herb); antiseptic, antitussive, astringent, carminative, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, pectoral, sedative, stimulant, stomachic, tonic and vasodilator (leaves and flowering tops)

Bechic, stomachic and tonic (dried fruit decoction)

Antiasthmatic, antitussive, diuretic and purgative. The seed is also cardiotonic (seed); expectorant (root); antibacterial (plant)

Antispasmodic, antitussive, diaphoretic, diuretic, emmenagogue, tonic and vulnerary (whole plant and flowers); anti-spasmodic and in large doses emetic (plant)

Antitussive, diuretic, carminative, expectorant, febrifuge, pectoral, sedative and tonic (bulb)

Antiasthmatic, antitussive, expectorant, sedative and tonic (bulb)

Sedative, thyrotropic, cardioactive diuretic, peripheral vasoconstrictor, antitussive, antihaemorrhagic; astringent, hypoglycaemic, mild narcotic and mild sedative (whole plant).