Astringent (bark); diuretic and antipyretic (seeds).

Astringent, balsamic, diuretic, expectorant, stimulant and vulnerary (bark); antiseptic, balsamic, diuretic, haemostatic, rubefacient and vermifuge (resin)

Alterative, diuretic, laxative and tonic (bark); astringent (leaves); expectorant (buds and bark); disinfectant and laxative (needles and inner bark).

Antiseptic, aromatic, astringent, carminative, diaphoretic, digestive, diuretic, emetic in large doses, emmenagogue, narcotic, parasiticide, stimulant and stomachic (leaves); antiseptic, aromatic, digestive, narcotic and stimulant (fruit)

Antiinflammatory and antibacterial (leaf); antifungal (plant); astringent and sedative.

Astringent, acrid, coolant, anthelmintic and sudorific (roots); digestive (juice of the young leaves).

Astringent (root tubers)

Alterative, antipruritic, antiscorbutic, astringent, depurative, diuretic, febrifuge and soporific (whole plant)

Mild diuretic, cardiotonic and sedative; tonic, antispasmodic, diuretic, analgesic and emmenagogue. Antispasmodic, astringent, cardiac, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, nervine, sedative, stomachic, tonic and uterine stimulant (leaves)

Astringent, highly demulcent, emmenagogue, emollient and expectorant (bulb and flowers)

Reduces fever, stimulates the secretion and/or flow of milk, sweet, bitter, refrigerant, galactagogue, expectorant, aphrodisiac, diuretic, antipyretic and tonic (bulb); astringent, antiinflammatory and emollient.

Tonic and stomachic (dried fruit); astringent(unripe fruit)

Antiphlogistic, astringent, strongly laxative, cathartic, detergent, depurative, diuretic, hepatic, ophthalmic and purgative (whole plant)

Aromatic, decongestant, stomachic (plant); diuretic and vermicidal (fruit); febrifuge (seed); anodyne, antiphlogistic, antispasmodic, astringent, carminative, diaphoretic, stomachic and tonic (root)

Abortifacient, analgesic, carminative, depurative, diaphoretic, emetic, emmenagogue, stimulant, tonic and vermifuge (decotion of plant); aromatic, astringent, diaphoretic, febrifuge, stimulant, tonic and vermifuge (bark); carminative (fruit)

Anodyne, antiphlogistic, astringent, balsamic and haemostatic (stem); antirheumatic, diuretic and galactogogue (fruit)

Astringent (seeds); anticancer (root)

Stimulates the central nervous and cardiovascular systems, alleviates spasms, astringent and on the nictating membrane (stem bark).

Antibacterial, astringent, diuretic, expectorant, hypotensive, tonic.

Sedative, thyrotropic, cardioactive diuretic, peripheral vasoconstrictor, antitussive, antihaemorrhagic; astringent, hypoglycaemic, mild narcotic and mild sedative (whole plant).