Appetizer, diaphoretic, digestive, diuretic, stomachic and tonic (leaves and flowering stems)

Appetizer, astringent, cathartic, cytostatic, emetic, stomachic and tonic (bark)

Appetizer, astringent, poultice, stomachic.

Anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, antiperiodic, appetiser, cathartic, emmenagogue, sudorific, thermogenic, vulnerary, laxative, anthelmintic and oxytocic (plant); larvicidal and antigonorrheic (leaf)

Anthelmintic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, cholagogue, diaphoretic, digestive, emmenagogue, expectorant, nervine, purgative, stimulant, slightly tonic (plant); appetizer, diuretic, haemostatic and stomachic (leaves); antirheumatic, antispasmodic, and stomachic (stem)

Antiemetic, appetizer, diaphoretic, digestive, diuretic, stomachic and tonic (rhizome)

Antibacterial, antiemetic, appetizer, digestive, diuretic, hypoglycaemic, sedative, stomachic and tonic (root)

Expectorant, stimulant and diaphoretic (root bark); anticancer and stimulates the cardiovascular system and respiration (root and leaf); induces vomiting (in large doses); tonic, appetiser, stomachic (flower).

Bitter, anthelmintic, stomachic and antiscorbutic (roots); astringent and antiscorbutic (ripe fruits); constipating, anaphrodisiac, appetizer and antipyretic (unripe fruits)

The seeds are acrid, bitter, thermogenic, emollient, stimulant, intellect promoting, digestive, laxative, emetic, expectorant, appetizer, aphrodisiac, cardiotonic, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, emmenagogue, diaphoretic, febrifuge and tonic, improves learning and memory and shows cognitive enhancing abilities through an anti-cholinesterase-like mechanism.

Appetizer, aromatic, bitter, cholagogue, diaphoretic, digestive, emetic, weakly febrifuge, hepatic, stomachic and tonic (herb)

Anti-depressant, laxative, antibilious, aperient, appetizer, cathartic, cholagogue, detergent, tonic, vermifuge (herb).

Carminative (seed); promotes or stimulates the flow of bile and gastric juices, protects the liver, diuretic, laxative, purifies the blood, coolant, sedative, diaphoretic, antiinflammatory and antispermatogenic. Appetizer, cholagogue, depurative, digestive, diuretic, hypoglycaemic, laxative and tonic (root and leaves)

Adaptogen, appetizer, digestive, galactogogue, sialagogue, stomachic and tonic (root, whole plant)

Laxative and cardiotonic (seed); carminative (leaf infusion); appetizer, carminative, demulcent, laxative, stimulant and stomachic (leaf)

Abortifacient, anodyne, antispasmodic, aphrodisiac, appetizer, carminative, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, narcotic, sedative, stimulant.

Potentiation of amphetamine toxicity, stimulates the central nervous system, hypothermic and carminative (rhizome); fights the microorganism (Vibrio) that causes cholera and acts as a trypsin inhibitor (tuber); sweet, bitter, appetizer, alexiteric, antipyretic, aphrodisiac, laxative.

Antibilious, appetizer, carminative, cholagogue, mildly diuretic, hepatic, laxative and antiscorbutic (whole plant)

Appetizer, sialagogue; astringent and styptic (stem bark); antitussive, astringent, laxative, nutritive and stomachic (fruit)

Appetizer, bitter tonic, digestive, febrifuge, anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, cholagogue, emmenagogue, febrifuge, refrigerant and stomachic