Depresses central nervous system (rhizome); anodyne, antibacterial, antispasmodic, aphrodisiac, carminative, skin, stimulant, stomachic, tonic and vermifuge (root).

Diuretic (leaf); alleviates spasms, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, analgesic (pain-reliever), antispasmodic, anticancerous (plant); anti-diabetes mellitus (leaf and stem)

Alterative, analgesic, antiinflammatory, depurative, diuretic, hypotensive, laxative, narcotic, sedative, vermifuge and vulnerary.

Inhibit HIV infection in human T lymphocyte cells and mononuclear phagocytic lineage cells; anodyne, antibacterial, anticholesterolemic, antipyretic, antispasmodic, astringent, cholagogue, diuretic, expectorant, febrifuge, haemostatic, laxative, nervine, mildly sedative, stomachic and tonic (roots)

Emollient, diuretic, lactagogue, aphrodisiac, analgesic.

As renal tonic, stomachic and cardiotonic (leaf sap); anodyne, alterative (for blood pressure), laxative, antiphlogistic, diaphoretic, antiscorbutic, sialagogic and anthelmintic (whole plant).

Anodyne, cardiac, febrifuge, salve, stimulates blood circulation (whole plant);

Stimulant, antibacterial, analgesic, rubefacient, expectorant, restorative, febrifuge and antipyretic (seed).

Alterative, anodyne, depurative, mildly diuretic, emetic, expectorant, hepatic, mildly narcotic and purgative (whole plant)

Stimulant and lowers blood cholesterol (seed); analgesic, narcotic (leaf); antihaemorrhoidal and hypotensive (fruit).

The whole plant is antiperiodic, antiphlogistic, diaphoretic, diuretic, emollient, febrifuge, narcotic, purgative and sedative; diuretic (leaf); extracts of the plant are analgesic, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory and vasodilator.

Analgesic, contraceptive, depurative, emmenagogue, hallucinogen, narcotic.

Diuretic, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic and antiseptic (plant); analgesic, astringent and febrifuge (blossoms); anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, aromatic, astringent, carminative, diaphoretic, mildly diuretic, febrifuge and stimulant (leaves and flowering tops)

Alleviates spasms, counteracts hyperactivity due to amphetamines, depresses the cardiovascular system, spermicidal, analgesic, diuretic, lithontriptic, vulnerary, sudorific and carminative (plant); diaphoretic (flower); carminative (flower and plant); anticoagulant, astringent and carminative (seed)

Analgesic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antispasmodic, diuretic and hypotensive (root); anticancer (plant)

Analgesic, antiinflammatory and astringent (fruit)

Neural anodyne (tuberous roots)

Analgesic, antiallergic, antiasthmatic, antiinflammatory, antipyretic, antirheumatic, antiseptic, antithromboxane, antitumor, carminative, diuretic, hypotensive, immunodepressant, laxative, myorelaxant.

Anodyne, astringent (mild), demulcent, emollient, expectorant, haemostatic, refrigerant, vulnerary (root and leaf)

Antiviral, stimulates the secretion of gastric juices. aphrodisiac and carminative (bud); antiinflammatory (plant); antibacterial, rubefacient, counter-irritant, antispasmodic, aids in stabilizing blood circulation, regulates body temperature and analgesic.