Abortifacient, analgesic, antidote, antiinflammatory, antiseptic, astringent, carcinogenic, choleretic, emmenagogue, emetic, expectorant, laxative, vermifuge, vulnerary.

Abortifacient, anodyne, antispasmodic, aphrodisiac, appetizer, carminative, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, narcotic, sedative, stimulant.

Oil has antifungal and antibacterial properties; antimicrobial, analgesic, antipyretic and depresses the central nervous system (essential plant oil); antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, cyanogenetic, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant, preventative (cold), stimulant and insecticidal.

Anodyne and carminative (decoction of the root or whole plant)

Anodyne, antitussive and expectorant (decoction of dried root); febrifuge (decoction of all parts)

Anti-inflammatory (pounded rhizome); diuretic (decoction of whole plant); decongestant, antipyretic, antiinflammatory, analgesic, antimalarial (whole plant).

Astringent, anthelmintic, diuretic, carminative, increases the secretion of gastric juices, stimulant and diaphoretic (tuber); antipyretic and antiinflammatory (rhizome oil)analgesic, antibacterial, antibiotic, antispasmodic, antitussive, aromatic, contraceptive, emmenagogue, lithontripic, sedative, antierysipelas, stomachic, tonic, vermifuge.

Analgesic, anthelmintic, antibacterial, anticoagulant, antiviral, depurative, febrifuge and haemostatic (rhizome)

Anodyne, antihemorraghic, hepatic, tonic

Anodyne, antiphlogistic, antispasmodic, depurative and ophthalmic (flowers, stem)

Anodyne, antispasmodic, hallucinogenic, hypnotic and narcotic (plant)

The whole plant, but especially the leaves and seed, is anaesthetic, anodyne, antiasthmatic, antispasmodic, antitussive, bronchodilator, hallucinogenic, hypnotic and mydriatic; alleviates spasms and stimulates the cardiovascular system (fruit and plant); anthelmintic, anticancer, antiseptic, sedative and narcotic (plant); antiinflammatory and analgesic.

The leaves, flowering tops and seeds are anodyne, antiasthmatic, antispasmodic, hallucinogenic, hypnotic, mydriatic and narcotic; kills insects (plant extract); antidandruff (fruit); narcotic (seed); intoxicating (which can be fatal) and sedative (young fruit); anticholinergic, cyanogenetic, expectorant, reduces fever, fumitory, fungicidal, hypnotic, poisonous.

Anodyne, detergent and diuretic (plant)

Diuretic, detergent, anodyne and poultice.

Analgesic and antiinflammatory (root), Astringent, diuretic, febrifuge, expectorant, laxative, nervine, tonic.

Analgesic, aphrodisiac, contraceptive, cyanogenetic, insecticide, rodenticide and sterilant.

Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, spasmolytic, antiviral and hypotensive (plant); anodyne, astringent, diaphoretic, febrifuge, odontalgic and vulnerary (leaves)

Antiscorbutic, analgesic, antibacterial, aromatic, febrifuge, skin, stimulant and stomachic (bark)

Anodyne, blood tonic and carminative (plant)