Anti-microbial, astringent, carminative, anti-catarrhal, expectorant, vulnerary, alterative, analgesic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, emmenagogue, expectorant, stimulant, rejuvenative.

Alterative, antiperiodic, astringent, deobstruent, diuretic, emmenagogue, sedative, tonic; analgesic, antispasmodic and sedative (root)

Antibacterial, anticholesterolemic, cardiotonic, hypotensive, stomachic, vasodilator (fruit); alterative, antiscorbutic, deobstruent, laxative, stimulant and stomachic (dried fruit)

Antiinflammatory, alterative, antipyretic, aperitif, astringent, bitter, cholagogue, contraceptive, demulcent, hepatotonic, laxative, litholytic, natriuretic, rubefacient, sedative, tonic (bark)

The seeds are alterative, anthelmintic, carminative and antibilious (stem); laxative and antifertility (plant); antiviral (50% EtOH aerial part extract).

Astringent, diuretic, ophthalmic, alterative, anabolic, antiseptic, aperient, cyanogenetic, demulcent, depurative, emollient, sudorific, vulnerary, hypoglycemic.

The roots are used as astringent. Bark or rasping of the wood are alterative; roots are astringent; leaves are bitter and stimulant; alleviates spasms (aerial part); alterative (wood).

Protects liver (of rats) against damage at cellular level (root extract); astringent, expectorant, stimulant, antiparasitic and poisonous (to children and livestock); stimulant, alterative and tonic (root)

Alterative, diuretic and tonic (dried tubers)

Alterative, tonic; diaphoretic and diuretic (tea from root)

Aromatic, bitter, nervine tonic, alterative, diuretic, aphrodisiac and lowers blood sugar (root); increases nerve strength (plant).

Fights diarrhea (root), spermicidal, stimulates uterine contractions and diuretic (seed), contraceptive, astringent, stimulant, anthelmintic (kills Ascaris lumbricoides), antibacterial and carminative (fruit)alterative, stimulant.

Alterative, cardiac, cathartic, cholagogue, diuretic, expectorant, hepatic, laxative, stimulant and tonic (stem and root bark); emetic and strongly laxative (seed)

Alterative, antiperiodic, antispasmodic, cardiotonic, carminative, deobstruent, deodorant, expectorant, laxative, parasiticide, sedative, stimulant, tonic.

Bitter, slightly acrid, astringent, laxative, diuretic and alterative (plant); for blood purification and in skin diseases, especially psoriasis (decoction)

Alterative, antiphlogistic, aperient, astringent, depurative, diaphoretic, diuretic, febrifuge, tonic and vulnerary (whole plant except root)

Alterative, aperient, antispasmodic, aphrodisiac, astringent, diuretic, hemostat, pectoral, purgative, sudorific and tonic (plant).

Demulcent and alterative (plant); antibacterial (leaves soaked in water)

Antiviral, Anticancer, alterative, anodyne, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, cardiotonic, depurative, diuretic, febrifuge and sedative (whole plant)

Demulcent (root), antibacterial (essential root oil), antiviral (plant), diaphoretic, diuretic, purifies blood and restores normal bodily functions, alterative, tonic, has antibacterial and antilithic activity.