Initial depressant followed by stimulant effect, antiphlogistic, virulent poison (in high doses), alterative, anaesthetic, antiarthritic, deobstruent, sedative, anodyne, diuretic, diaphoretic.

Analgesic, sedative, anthelmintic, antispasmodic, anticonvulsant, antidiarrheal, antirheumatic, antiseptic, aphrodisiac, purifies the blood, carminative, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, expectorant, reduces fever, hemostatic, laxative, kills fleas and lice.

Antifungal, antibacterial, antiperiodic, antirheumatic, antispasmodic, aromatic, cardiac, carminative, diaphoretic, emmenaggue, febrifuge, sedative, stimulant, stomachic, tonic and vermifuge (root); anodyne, antiperiodic, antispasmodic, digestive, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant, sedative, stimulant, stomachic, sudorific, tonic, vermifuge (whole plant)

Analgesic, antibacterial, antiperiodic, antiviral, depurative, diaphoretic, diuretic, febrifuge, sedative, tonic (root)

Analgesic, antibacterial, antiviral, depurative, diaphoretic, diuretic, febrifuge, sedative, tonic (root)

Analgesic, antirheumatic, galactogogue and rubefacient (root)

Stomachic and diuretic (decoction of fresh leaves).

Hypoglycemic (root bark); anthelmintic and antifungal (seed); antiviral, astringent, laxative, carminative, hypothermic, hemostatic and arrests secretions, antiinflammatory and antimicrobial (against Salmonella and Vibrio cholera) (fruit); antibiotic activity (fruit, leaves and roots); sweet, aromatic, cooling, alterative and nutritive (ripe fruit); laxative (fresh fruit); astringent, digestive, stomachic, and constipative (unripe fruit); stimulant, antipyretic and antiscorbutic (pulp).

Alterative, analgesic, haemostatic and vulnerary (plant); anti-inflammatory, astringent, diuretic, febrifuge, narcotic, tonic and vasoconstrictive (bark); decongestant, expectorant and tonic (seeds)

Sedative and stomachic (herb)

Antibacterial, antifungal, aromatic, carminative, diaphoretic, febrifuge and stomachic (leaves and stem)

Antifungal and antibacterial (essential leaf oil); kills insects (plant); analgesic, anti-inflammatory, emetic, purgative, decoagulant, depurative, febrifuge, stimulant, vulnerary.

Analgesic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, astringent, cardiotonic, haemostatic, hypoglycaemic, taenicide and vasoconstrictor (stem and leaves); haemostatic, cardiotonic and hypoglycemic (plant); astringent, diuretic and tonic (root).

Analgesic, decoagulant, depurative, febrifuge and haemostatic (whole plant)

Analgesic, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antitumor. blood tonic, cardiotonic, diuretic, emmenagogue and galactogogue (stem)

Anodyne, antifungal, antiphlogistic, bitter, diaphoretic, diuretic, emmenagogue, febrifuge, laxative, galactogogue, resolvent, stimulant, stomachic and vulnerary (stems); antirheumatic, depurative, diuretic, febrifuge, stomachic and tonic (fruit)

Anodyne and vermifuge (bark); purgative and anodyne (twig-bark decoction)

Anodyne (decoction of bark)

Purgative, stomachic, antidote, vermifuge and aphrodisiac (bark decoction); expectorant (ground roots)

Bitter, diuretic, narcotic and tonic (root); stomachic (infusion of the leaves).