Anodyne, anti-inflammatory, antiperiodic, antiseptic, astringent, diaphoretic, diuretic, febrifuge, hypnotic, sedative and tonic (bark)

Antiseptic and antiasthmatic (leaf and flower); lowers blood sugar (leaf); antihydrotic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, astringent, carminative, cholagogue, galactofuge, stimulant, tonic, vasodilator, laxative, alleviates spasms and reduces fever and nausea (plant); kills insects and carminative (essential oil).

Diuretic, emetic and a strong laxative (inner bark, root bark); stimulant, diaphoretic and diuretic (elder flower); antiseptic (leaves).

Antiinflammatory, slightly diuretic and laxative, antiseptic and diaphoretic (flower); laxative, diuretic and diaphoretic (leaves); laxative and diuretic (berries)

Alterative, antibacterial, antiseptic, astringent, carminative, disinfectant, diuretic, expectorant, hemostatic, refrigerant, sedative, stimulant.

Diuretic and sedative (essential oil); anticancer, anticatarrhal, antispasmodic, astringent, carminative, digestive, diuretic, laxative, stomachic, sudorific and vermifuge (plant); antiseptic and carminative (flower)

Antiseptic, aphrodisiac, carminative, preventitive, sedative, stimulant, tonic, strengthens functioning of the stomach and promotes its action, helpful in arresting secretion or bleeding, essential oil relaxes the involuntary muscle tissues.

Antibacterial, anticancer, antiseptic, antiviral, aphrodisiac, astringent, diuretic, stimulant.

Anthelmintic (leaf juice); contraceptive (flower); antiseptic, antiinflammatory, hypoglycemic, depresses heart activity and antibacterial (seed); stimulates the cardiovascular system and antiviral (aerial part); anthelmintic (leaves)

Stimulates the cardiovascular system, hypoglycemic, antiseptic, alleviates spasms, antiviral, diaphoretic, antiscorbutic and sialagogue (plant)

Diuretic, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic and antiseptic (plant); analgesic, astringent and febrifuge (blossoms); anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, aromatic, astringent, carminative, diaphoretic, mildly diuretic, febrifuge and stimulant (leaves and flowering tops)

Antiseptic (infusion of the dried powdered herb)

Antiseptic (infusion of the dried powdered herb); astringent, carminative, diaphoretic, diuretic, febrifuge and stimulant (leaves); diuretic (essential oil); aperient, astringent and tonic (flowers)

Antidepressant, antidiarrheic, anthelmintic, antiinflammatory, antiseptic, astringent, bitter, carminative, cerebrotonic, cholagogue, depurative, digestive, diuretic, expectorant,emmenagogue, hepatotonic, hypotensive, nervine, sedative, tranquilizer, tonic and vulnerary.

Antiseptic, antispasmodic, emetic, emmenagogue, expectorant, hemostatic, sedative and vulnerary.

Analgesic, antiallergic, antiasthmatic, antiinflammatory, antipyretic, antirheumatic, antiseptic, antithromboxane, antitumor, carminative, diuretic, hypotensive, immunodepressant, laxative, myorelaxant.

Freshen the mouth, Kill germs that cause bad breath, Strengthen the health of teeth and gum. The juice is astringent and antiseptic.

Antiseptic, cardiotonic, diuretic, emetic, tonic.

Antibacterial, antiinflammatory, antiseptic, antiviral, aphrodisiac, carminative, deodorant, diuretic, expectorant, immunostimulant, laxative, sedative, stimulant, vermifuge.

Diuretic, antiseptic, expectorant, carminative, deodorant, anti-inflammatory, sedative and vulnerary (Benzoin oil)