Antitussive, cholagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant, nervine, purgative, stimulant and vulnerary (whole herb)

Analgesic, antibacterial, astringent, circulotonic, contraceptive, demulcent, diuretic, emetic, hepatotonic, laxative, litholytic, vulnerary.

The root is analgesic, antiarthritic, anticancer, anticonvulsant, antiinflammatory, antipyretic, antiseptic, CNS Depressant, depurative, diaphoretic, diuretic,emetic, immunostimulant, laxative, myorelaxant and sedative. The whole plant is analgesic, antiperiodic, antiphlogistic, blood purifier, disinfectant, diuretic, laxative, stomachic and vulnerary.

Antitussive, astringent, laxative and vulnerary (roots, leaves and flowers)

Sudorific (leaves); astringent and styptic (bark); vulnerary (aerial rootlets decoction)

Alterative, deobstruent, discutient, diuretic, expectorant and vulnerary (roots).

Alterative, anaesthetic, deobstruent, discutient, diuretic, expectorant, vulnerary (roots); analgesic, local anesthetic and antispasmodic (decoction of roots).

Anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, antiperiodic, appetiser, cathartic, emmenagogue, sudorific, thermogenic, vulnerary, laxative, anthelmintic and oxytocic (plant); larvicidal and antigonorrheic (leaf)

Antitussive, diuretic, emmenagogue, pectoral, vermifuge and vulnerary (roots).

Antipyretic, cancer, contraceptive, antitumour, bactericidal, emollient and vulnerary (roots).

Antirheumatic, diuretic, cathartic, diaphoretic, febrifuge and vulnerary (root)

Vulnerary (bark)

Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiphlogistic, demulcent, pectoral, skin, styptic and vulnerary (root)

Stomachic (leaf, bark); febrifuge, analgesic, antidote, antiemetic, antipyretic, stimulant, vulnerary.

Antiphlogistic, demulcent, diuretic, febrifuge, haemostatic and vulnerary (plant); astringent and resolvent (leaves); antiabortifacient, antibacterial, cooling, demulcent, diuretic, resolvent and uterosedative (root)

Antiseptic (flower extract) and antimicrobial (plant extract); diaphoretic (leaves); antispasmodic, emmenagogue and stimulant (flowers); antiphlogistic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, aperient, astringent, cholagogue, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, skin, stimulant and vulnerary (flowers and leaves)

Demulcent, expectorant, immunostimulant, irritant, rubefacient, stimulant and vulnerary.

Allergenic, antiphlogistic, blood tonic, depurative, febrifuge and vulnerary (whole plant)

Antipruritic, aphrodisiac, antirheumatic, astringent, carminative, discutient, sedative, vermifuge and vulnerary (seed)

Alterative, antispasmodic, antioxidant, carminative, diaphoretic, diuretic, litholytic, sedative, tonic, vasodilator and vulnerary (whole plant or fresh root); emetic (leaves)