Emmenagogue, expectorant, febrifuge, alterative and tonic (plant)

Antispasmodic, decongestant, depurative, diuretic, emetic, expectorant and tonic

Antirheumatic, antiseptic, diaphoretic, digestive, irritant, rubefacient, sialagogue, tonic, rubefacient, irritant, carminative, stimulates the secretion of saliva and gastric juices, stimulates peristalsis of the stomach and lowers blood cholesterol (fruit). It reduces the likelihood of developing, atherosclerosis by reducing blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels. It also reduces the platelet aggregation and increases fibrinolytic activity.

Analgesic, amebicide, antibiotic, antibacterial, cardiotonic, cholagogue, digestive, emmenagogue, febrifuge, hypotensive, laxative, pectoral, stomachic, vermifuge

Purgative, stomachic, aphrodisiac, abortifacient and vermifuge (roots); purgative and abortifacient (stem bark); tonic (seed)

Antibacterial (root, seed and leaf); diuretic (root), bitter and has tonic, febrifugal and purgative properties (seed); antiinflammatory and hepatoprotective (Jafri).

Astringent and diuretic (plant); taken as a tonic (infusion of stems); as a vermifuge (pounded stems).

Antispasmodic and antiviral (stem bark); astringent, anti-inflammatory, expectorant and tonic (leaf and bark).

Restorative (tea made from flowers); stimulant and aphrodisiac (leaves)

Antitumor and depresses the central nervous system. Bitter, acidic, sedative, as stomachic, tranquilizer and as tonic (root)

Structural toner, diaphoretic, nervine, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, uterine tonic, emmenagogue, anti-spasmodic, anti-rheumatic, diuretic.

Cough suppressant, anti-asthmatic, decongestant, antispasmodic, cardiotonic (tones, balances, strengthens the heart)

The seeds are acrid, bitter, thermogenic, emollient, stimulant, intellect promoting, digestive, laxative, emetic, expectorant, appetizer, aphrodisiac, cardiotonic, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, emmenagogue, diaphoretic, febrifuge and tonic, improves learning and memory and shows cognitive enhancing abilities through an anti-cholinesterase-like mechanism.

Appetizer, aromatic, bitter, cholagogue, diaphoretic, digestive, emetic, weakly febrifuge, hepatic, stomachic and tonic (herb)

Spermicidal and antiviral (50% EtOH seed extract), antimicrobial (Sharma), anthelmintic, febrifuge, tonic, stomachic and diuretic.

Adaptogen, diuretic, emetic, uterine tonic and vermifuge (root)

Anodyne, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, cholagogue, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, febrifuge, sedative, stomachic, tonic and vasodilator (flower infuison)

Anti-depressant, laxative, antibilious, aperient, appetizer, cathartic, cholagogue, detergent, tonic, vermifuge (herb).

Depresses the central nervous system, purifies blood, laxative, anthelmintic and cardiotonic (plant); anti-scorbutic, anthelmintic, antiphlogistic, antirheumatic, mildly laxative, odontalgic (leaves)

Analgesic, antibacterial, astringent, diaphoretic, diuretic, febrifuge, rubefacient, stimulant and tonic (plant)