The root is used as a mild laxative, sudorific and antipyretic. Alleviates spasms, anticonvulsant, lowers blood pressure, sedative, slows heartbeat and cardiotonic (root and stem); diuretic (aerial part); reduces fever and expectorant (root).

Antimalarial, antihepatotoxic and tonic (rootstock)

Adaptogen, appetizer, digestive, galactogogue, sialagogue, stomachic and tonic (root, whole plant)

Adaptogen, aphrodisiac and tonic (whole plant and root)

The seed, with the husk removed, is antirheumatic, diuretic, pectoral, refrigerant and tonic; astringent and irritant (plant); anticancer (grain); anodyne, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, hypoglycaemic, hypotensive, sedative, vermifuge (fruits)

Anodyne, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, hypoglycaemic, hypotensive, sedative and vermifuge (fruits); antitumor (plant); antirheumatic, diuretic, pectoral, refrigerant and tonic (seed without husk); anthelmintic (decoction of the roots).

Alterative, antispasmodic, antioxidant, carminative, diaphoretic, diuretic, litholytic, sedative, tonic, vasodilator and vulnerary (whole plant or fresh root); emetic (leaves)

Astringent, blood purifier, expectorant and tonic (leaves)

Tonic and astringent (bark); anthelminthic, purgative and taenicide (root bark)

All parts of the plant are antispasmodic, cardiotonic, strongly diuretic, emetic, febrifuge, laxative, Hear stimulant and sedative

Analgesic, locally anaesthetic, antibacterial, antidote, antipyretic, bitter, blood tonic, carminative, cholagogue, digestive, sedative, stomachic, tonic and vasodilator (root).

Tonic and stomachic (rhizome); antidiabetic

Antiphlogistic, highly astringent, sedative, stomachic, tonic (dried roots, stems and leaves);

Laxative and cardiotonic (seed); carminative (leaf infusion); appetizer, carminative, demulcent, laxative, stimulant and stomachic (leaf)

Improves cardiac function (plant) and laxative (seed); demulcent, deobstruent, diuretic, lactagogue, purgative, and tonic

Analgesic, cathartic and febrifuge (leaves, stems); capillary tonic, antioedemic, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic and hypotensive (fruits).

Antibacterial, antifungal, hypotensive, antitumor, astringent, diuretic, hepatic and tonic (fruit); astringent, antimalarial and tonic (stem bark); antibacterial, diuretic, hypotensive and a urinary antiseptic (plant)

Antiperiodic, astringent, diaphoretic, mildly stimulant and tonic (dried root bark).

Antibacterial, antifungal, hypotensive, antitumor, astringent, diuretic, hepatic and tonic (fruit); astringent, antimalarial and tonic (stem bark); antibacterial, diuretic, hypotensive and a urinary antiseptic (plant).

Alterative, antiperiodic, astringent, deobstruent, diuretic, emmenagogue, sedative, tonic; analgesic, antispasmodic and sedative (root)