Antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, cholagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, stimulant, stomachic and mildly tonic (herb)

Stimulant (essential oil); antimicrobial, expectorant, antiseptic, antiinflammatory, diaphoretic, aids in digestion and carminative (plant); antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, cholagogue, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, stimulant, stomachic and mildly tonic (leaves and flowering stem)

Laxative (seed); astringent and diaphoretic (root bark); diuretic (bark); alleviates spasms (fruit); anthelmintic, carminative and antiarthritic.

Roots are considered to be emetic, emollient and carminative, useful in colic, spasm, rheumatism and gout. Leaves and roots are considered to be a tonic. Stimulates the central nervous system. alleviates spasms and anticancer (leaf); immunosuppressive and antiinflammatory (plant).

Alterative, analgesic, anodyne, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antispasmodic, astringent, carminative, diuretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, febrifuge, hypotensive, nervine and tonic (root)

Antispasmodic, diuretic, sedative and tonic (root)

Analgesic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antispasmodic, emmenagogue, sedative, styptic and tonic (root and root bark); antibacterial (plant)

Alterative, analgesic, anodyne, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antispasmodic, astringent, carminative, diuretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, febrifuge, hypotensive, nervine and tonic (root)

Alleviates spasms (plant oil)

Analgesic, aphrodisiac, astringent, narcotic, hypothermic and lowers blood pressure (latex); alleviates spasms and stimulates the cardiovascular system (fruit); laxative (seed); increases nerve strength, sedative, relieves pain, anticonvulsive, emollient.

A valuable non-addictive sedative and tranquilliser, slightly reduces blood pressure and increases respiratory rate (plant); antispasmodic, astringent, diaphoretic, hypnotic, narcotic, sedative and vasodilator (leaves and stems).

Antibacterial, anticoagulant, antiphlogistic, antispasmodic, depurative, diuretic, febrifuge haemostatic and resolvent (root); antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, hepatic and sedative (whole plant)

Roots are cooling, demulcent, carminative, diaphoretic and diuretic; alleviates spasms and antiprotozoal (plant); reduces fever and astringent (root). Leaves and young shoots are used as an emollient.

The fruit is used as a demulcent, diuretic, antiseptic and aphrodisiac. antibilious (root); alleviates spasms (fruit); kills certain larvae and diuretic (plant).

Abortifacient and aphrodisiac (plant); anthelmintic, narcotic, alterative, lactagogue, antispasmodic, hypnotic, anodyne, emetic, alleviates spasms, narcotic and kills certain insects (seed); antimicrobial, hypertensive, stimulates motor tracts of the central nervous system, acts as an MAO inhibitor, diuretic, stupefacient,diaphoretic.

Laxative (root bark); alleviates spasms, antibacterial, hypothermic, musculotropic, stimulates the central nervous and cardiovascular systems, anthelmintic, emetic, expectorant and stimulates the uterus (plant)

Sedative, antibacterial, antidote, antipyretic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, antitussive, aromatic, carminative, diaphoretic, emollient, expectorant, pectoral, stomachic, tonic, hypothermic, alleviates spasms, antiasthmatic, abortifacient and stimulates the central nervous system (plant); stimulating the intestinal tract (essential oil); carminative, antiinflammatory and diaphoretic (seed, stem and leaf); antiasthmatic, antitussive, emollient and expectorant (seed)

Analgesic, antispasmodic, cardiotonic, diaphoretic and diuretic (root and leaves)

Diuretic, carminative, ecbolic, emmenagogue, antidandruff, antispasmodic, aperient, digestive, expectorant, galactofuge, kidney, stomachic, tonic and antipyretic (herb); antiscorbutic (leaves)

Narcotic, antispasmodic, diaphoretic, and tonic.