Antifungal (aerial part); anticholinergic, astringent, febrifugal, stomachic and dangerously emetocathartic (seed); expectorant (seed oil)

Antidepressant, antidiarrheic, anthelmintic, antiinflammatory, antiseptic, astringent, bitter, carminative, cerebrotonic, cholagogue, depurative, digestive, diuretic, expectorant,emmenagogue, hepatotonic, hypotensive, nervine, sedative, tranquilizer, tonic and vulnerary.

Antiseptic, antispasmodic, emetic, emmenagogue, expectorant, hemostatic, sedative and vulnerary.

Antiinflammatory, astringent, carminative, demulcent, diuretic, expectorant, laxative, refrigerant, vulnerary (plant)

Antibacterial, antiinflammatory, antiseptic, antiviral, aphrodisiac, carminative, deodorant, diuretic, expectorant, immunostimulant, laxative, sedative, stimulant, vermifuge.

Diuretic, antiseptic, expectorant, carminative, deodorant, anti-inflammatory, sedative and vulnerary (Benzoin oil)

Antiseptic, antiinflammatory, anti-spasmodic and expectorant

Anodyne, astringent (mild), demulcent, emollient, expectorant, haemostatic, refrigerant, vulnerary (root and leaf)

Expectorant and antispasmodic (plant); antispasmodic, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, expectorant and slightly narcotic (root)

Used as a tonic or a diuretic (fruit); diuretic and expectorant (leaf decoction); febrifuge (juice of macerated leaves); emetic and cathartic (bark)

All parts of the plant, except the fleshy fruit, are antispasmodic, cardiotonic, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, narcotic and purgative; cardiotonic and abortifacient (leaf); anticancer (bark); “hypothesmic activity” (aerial part); antispasmodic and sedative (fruit and leaf); narcotic and toxic (leaf. young aerial part and shoot)

Acrid, cooling, laxative, sedative and possess anthelmintic and expectorant (wood).

Anthelmintic, antiseptic, astringent, expectorant, laxative, lithotriptic, rejuvenative, tonic.

Alterative, antipyretic, antiscorbutic, antiseptic, astringent, carminative, diaphoretic, diuretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, tonic and vulnerary.

Antiviral, diuretic, abortifacient (plant); Alterative, anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, aromatic, astringent, diaphoretic, diuretic and emmenagogue (recently dried leafy young twigs); antiseptic, expectorant and rubefacient (leaf esssential oil)

Alleviates spasms, anthelmintic, antispasmodic, antiseptic, expectorant, carminative, anthelmintic, stimulant and stimulates the central nervous system (plant); vermifuge (seeds); Blood purifier, digestive and appetizer (Leaf juice)

Anthelmintic, strongly antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, antimastitis, deodorant, diaphoretic, disinfectant, expectorant, sedative, tonic (plant); vermifuge (seeds)

Expectorant, dissolves mucous, diuretic, antibiotic, sedative and anthelmintic (flower and leaf); antiseptic, stimulant and alleviates spasms (especially to the bronchial tubes and digestive organs) (essential oil); antibacterial (leaf and stem); antiseptic, anthelmintic, expectorant, carminative, diuretic, emmenagogue and sediative (plant); anthelmintic, strongly antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, deodorant, diaphoretic, disinfectant, expectorant, sedative and tonic (flowering tops)

Antispasmodic, diaphoretic, expectorant, hypotensive, laxative and sedative (flowers)

Diuretic and carminative (root); lowers blood pressure, depresses heart activity and antifungal (essential oil); carminative (fruit and root); stimulant and alleviates spasms (fruit); antispasmodic, stimulant, tonic and carminative (plant); strongly antiseptic, antispasmodic, aromatic, bitter, diaphoretic, digestive, diuretic, expectorant and tonic (seed oil).