Stimulant and cardiotonic (plant); antitussive, diuretic, diaphoretic, febrifuge, hypertensive, nervine, tonic and vasoconstrictor (stem)

Antispasmodic and antiviral (whole plant); antidote, diaphoretic, diuretic, vasoconstrictor and vasodilator (stem); antihydrotic (root)

Cardiotonic, contraceptive, diuretic, oxytocic and dilates the bronchial tubes (plant); cardiac and circulatory stimulant (tincture)

Antispasmodic and antiviral (whole plant); antidote, diaphoretic, diuretic, vasoconstrictor and vasodilator (stem); antihydrotic (root)

Pungent, bitter, warm herb that dilates the bronchial vessels whilst stimulating the heart and central nervous system. Antidote, diaphoretic, diuretic, pectoral, vasoconstrictor and vasodilator (stem); antihydrotic (root)

Diuretic, pectoral and stomachic

Diuretic (dried and crushed stems)

Blood purifier, diuretic and tonic (stems).

A strong urinary antiseptic (flower); astringent, diuretic and tonic (leaves)

The plant is anodyne, antihaemorrhagic, antiseptic, astringent, carminative, diaphoretic, diuretic, galactogogue, haemostatic, vulnerary, improves elasticity of and strengthens ligaments, antiiaging and promotes blood coagulation.

Abortifacient, astringent, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant, febrifuge, haemostatic, hypotensive and styptic (whole plant)

Astringent, antirheumatic, balsamic, emmenagogue, styptic, tonic, vermifuge stimulant, haemostatic and diuretic (plant)

Astringent, diuretic and tonic (seeds)

Antiscorbutic, diuretic, stimulant and stomachic (leaves); rubefacient and stimulant (seed)

Antispasmodic, aromatic, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant, galactofuge and stimulant (root)

Antirheumatic, antispasmodic, cardiotonic, emmenagogue, nervine, purgative and resolvent (flowers and stems); aphrodisiac, diuretic, expectorant, stomachic and tonic (seeds); analgesic, antibacterial, antiseptic, antispasmodic, antitumor, cardiotonic, cardiotoxic, deobstruent, depurative, emmenagogue, expectorant, laxative, myotonic, peristaltic, stimulant, stomachic and tonic (tea made from flowers).

Diuretic, laxative, anthelmintic, galactagogue and emmenagogue(leaf); anticonvulsive, alleviates spasms, relaxes smooth muscles and depresses the central nervous system (bark).

Analgesic, anticholesterolemic, aphrodisiac, depurative, diuretic, hepatic, hypotensive, sedative, tonic and vasodilator (stem bark); astringent (flowers, fruits).

Aromatic, astringent and diuretic (infusion of leaves or bark).

Alterative, cardiac, cathartic, cholagogue, diuretic, expectorant, hepatic, laxative, stimulant and tonic (stem and root bark); emetic and strongly laxative (seed)