Anticoagulant, antiseptic, antitussive, antiviral, diuretic, purgative and stomachic (buds); abortifacient, anticoagulant, diuretic, purgative and vesicant (root)

Abortifacient (stem); antiviral and lowers blood pressure (50% EtOH plant extract, excluding root); increases blood pressure and myocardial effect (leaf extract); narcotic (bark)

Antiviral

Used as a sudorific and diuretic (flower buds); antiviral (crushed leaves)

Antioxidant and antiviral (leaves)

Antidote and demulcent(fruits); astringent (seeds); hypoglycemic, antiviral and antiprotozoal (bark); antifertility agent and emmenagogue (plant)

Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, spasmolytic, antiviral and hypotensive (plant); anodyne, astringent, diaphoretic, febrifuge, odontalgic and vulnerary (leaves)

Analgesic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, astringent, febrifuge, haemostatic, vermifuge and vulnerary (root stalks).

Anodyne, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, astringent, expectorant, febrifuge, sudorific, vermifuge and vulnerary (root)

The root stalks are anodyne, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, astringent, febrifuge, vermifuge, vulnerary, anthelmintic.

Kills nematodes, antihepatotoxic, depurative, antiinflammatory, antiviral, absorbent, relieves pain, ovicidal, stimulates the cardiovascular system, alleviates spasms (plant); laxative and emetic (root).

Hypothermic, stimulates the central nervous system, diuretic and carminative (plant); antibacterial, antipyretic, antiviral, astringent, carminative, diaphoretic, diuretic and stomachic (oil)

Acrid, coolant, refrigerant, diuretic, aphrodisiac, laxative, expectorant, cardiotonic, antipyretic, antioxidative, antiviral, anti-emetic.

Antispasmodic and antiviral (whole plant); antidote, diaphoretic, diuretic, vasoconstrictor and vasodilator (stem); antihydrotic (root)

Antispasmodic and antiviral (whole plant); antidote, diaphoretic, diuretic, vasoconstrictor and vasodilator (stem); antihydrotic (root)

Anodyne, antibacterial, antiviral, carminative, diaphoretic, diuretic, nervine and vermifuge (leaves and stems); restorative (root)

Anthelmintic,cathartic, laxative, kills mollusks and aids in inducing inflammation (latex); alleviates spasms and antiviral (stem).

Alleviates spasms, antiviral, stimulates the cardiovascular system and antagonistic to the effect of amphetamine (aerial part); bitter astringent, tonic, antiseptic and febrifuge (plant)

Astringent, antiviral, anthelmintic, lowers blood sugar and antiprotozoal (bark).

Lowers blood pressure, anticancer and antiviral (50% EtOH extract).