Nervine tonic, brain tonic, demulcent, anti-acidic, expectorant, antipyretic, diuretic, aphrodisiac, carminative and cardiac tonic.

Astringent, cardiac tonic, diuretic, aphrodisiac

Antibacterial, antidote, antiseptic, antiviral, astringent, bronchodilator, CNS-stimulant, cytotoxic, depurative, diaphoretic, diuretic, emollient, respirastimulant, stomachic and uterotonic.

Alleviates spasms (50% EtOH aerial part extract); antidiabetic. stimulates insulin production and/or secretion and antiviral (leaf); inhibits high blood sugar levels (leaf extract); increases the secretion of gastric juices. laxative. diuretic, acrid, alexipharmic, anodyne, anthelmintic, antipyretic, astringent, bitter, cardiotonic, digestive, emetic,expectorant, laxative, stimulant, stomachic, uterine tonic.

Astringent, tonic and anti-inflammatory (wood)

Astringent, haemostatic, sedative and tonic (bark).

Allergenic, analgesic, antiarrhythmic, antiarthritic, antiinflammatory, antipyretic, antirheumatic, choleretic, depurative, digestive, diuretic, hypocholesterolemic, hypotensive, laxative, secretagogue, sedative, tonic, uricolytic, uterocontractant.

The rootstock is carminative, emmenagogue, expectorant, stimulant, stomachic and tonic. Vasodilator, alleviates spasms, hypoglycemic, antiasthmatic, antiinflammatory and stimulant (rhizome); anthelmintic and antimicrobial (essential oil from rhizome).

Antiviral, Anticancer, alterative, anodyne, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, cardiotonic, depurative, diuretic, febrifuge and sedative (whole plant)

Anticholinergic, antidote, antispasmodic, anxiolytic, astringent, depurative, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, hallucinogen, hemostatic, laxative, myorelaxant, narcotic, psychomimetic, sedative, tonic, tranquilizer, vasodilator and vulnerary (leaves)

Demulcent (root), antibacterial (essential root oil), antiviral (plant), diaphoretic, diuretic, purifies blood and restores normal bodily functions, alterative, tonic, has antibacterial and antilithic activity.

Antiseptic, aphrodisiac, astringent, cholagogue, demulcent, digestive, purgative and resolvent (whole plant); emollient, diuretic, refrigerant, antiscorbutic and sedative (decoction of whole plant); emollient (leaves); antiscorbutic (fruits); diuretic, laxative and tonic (seeds).

Acts as diuretic (dried flowers); stomachic and tonic (leaves); mucilaginous (bark); demulcent (root).

Acrid, antidysenteric, anthelmintic, astringent, reduces fever, tonic and increases the secretion of gastric juices (bark); slows down the growth of certain bacteria related to tuberculosis (conessine in bark) antiperiodic, aphrodisiac, bitter, carminative, expectorant, febrifuge.

Slows down aging of the skin, hypnotic, sedative, decreases libido of males and stimulates the secretion of gastric juices. Aromatic and bitter with sedative, soporific, tonic, anodyne, diuretic, anaphrodisiac, antiseptic, hypnotic, nervine, stomachic and vermifuge

Analgesic and alleviates spasms (leaf); dilates the eye pupil (plant juice); stimulates heart, followed by a sedative effect (in moderate doses); small doses act as a heart sedative and a tonic; induces sleep; induces delirium (in large enough doses).

Sedative, antiinflammatory, antibacterial (against gram-positive types), antiviral, antioxidant, vasodilating, antidepressant, diuretic and cardiotonic, stimulates the immune system, inhibits tumors; inhibits the breakdown of CNS neurotransmitters.

Tonic and stimulant (plant)

Expectorant and stomach tonic (herb); antiseptic, antitussive, astringent, carminative, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, pectoral, sedative, stimulant, stomachic, tonic and vasodilator (leaves and flowering tops)

Demulcent, alterative, tonic, diaphoretic, diuretic antiviral (plant); antipyretic (root, leaf and stalk); purifies blood (root).