Antihalitosis, aromatic, carminative, diuretic, galactogogue, stimulant, stomachic, aromatic carminative, reduces fever and anthelmintic (fruit); abortifacient (in rats) (seed extract); hypoglycemic, alleviates spasms (50% EtOH extract from fruit).

Carminative, stimulant, diaphoretic, stomachic, tonic, expectorant and antiseptic.

Carminative and stomachic (leaves); carminative, diaphoretic, sedative, stomachic and tonic (root); aromatic, stimulant, expectorant, diuretic, and emmenagogue

Analgesic, anodyne, antibacterial, antidote, carminative, diaphoretic, diuretic, poultice and stimulant (root)

Analgesic, antipyretic, antispasmodic, antitussive, expectorant and stimulant (root); antiseptic, antiarthritic, antispasmodic, carminative, lenitive, stimulant, stomachic, tonic (plant)

Carminative, stimulant.

Antipyretic, carminative, emetic, gastrotonic, laxative, stimulant, stomachic, tonic.

Antibacterial, stimulant, expectorant and diaphoretic (plant); anticephalagic (leaf); the oil possesses direct muscle-relaxant action and also bactericidal and fungicidal properties, and may prove useful as an anti-spasmodic drug and as a clinical fungicide.

Achic, anodyne, antispasmodic, tonic, diuretic, emmenagogue, emetic (plant); anticancer, stimulant and carminative (flower); sedative, antiinflammatory and antidiuretic (oil).

Anticoagulant, antispasmodic, carminative, emollient and stimulant (whole plant and flowering stems)

Digestive, diuretic, expectorant, poultice and stimulant (fresh plant)

Aperient, carminative, diuretic, emmenagogue, nervine, stimulant, tonic, increases nerve strength (fruit); anticonvulsant, tranquillizing and antifungal (essential seed oil); potent aphrodisiac (seed); antigalactogogue, antiseptic.

Cardiotonic (wood alcohol extract); stimulant, antiasthmatic, carminative, tonic, aphorodisiac and astringent

Stomachic, stimulant, aphrodisiac, tonic, diuretic and tranquillizer (wood)

Analgesic, antiinflammatory, carminative, diuretic, febrifuge, stimulant, stomachic and tonic (root)

Alterative, diaphoretic, diuretic, pectoral and stimulant (root)

Alterative, diaphoretic, diuretic, pectoral and stimulant (root)

Kills fungi, antiseptic, diaphoretic, diuretic and one of the best plants for purifying the blood and eliminating toxins from the body, stimulant, tonic, anodyne, anti-scorbutic, aperient, diaphoretic and diuretic

Laxative, aphrodisiac, digestive, astringent, diuretic, stimulant, cardiotonic, emmenagogue, antimicrobial and anthelmintic; freshens breath and strengthens gums (paste).

Stimulant, rubifacient, bitter, tonic, aphrodisiac, diuretic, stimulates cardiovascular system and alleviates spasms (seed).