Counteracts hyperactivity due to amphetamines, stimulates the central nervous system and alleviates spasms (plant).

Diuretic, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic and antiseptic (plant); analgesic, astringent and febrifuge (blossoms); anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, aromatic, astringent, carminative, diaphoretic, mildly diuretic, febrifuge and stimulant (leaves and flowering tops)

Alleviates spasms, counteracts hyperactivity due to amphetamines, depresses the cardiovascular system, spermicidal, analgesic, diuretic, lithontriptic, vulnerary, sudorific and carminative (plant); diaphoretic (flower); carminative (flower and plant); anticoagulant, astringent and carminative (seed)

Diuretic, emollient, febrifuge, tonic and antifertility (plant); laxative (leaves); styptic (flowers and pods); antibacterial, anticholesterolemic, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, haemostatic and hypotensive (flower and flower buds); abortifacient (seedpods); emetic and haemostatic (seeds).

Analgesic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antispasmodic, diuretic and hypotensive (root); anticancer (plant)

Kills mosquito larvae (flower); alleviates spasms and stimulates the cardiovascular system (plant); purgative (roots).

Antiseptic, antispasmodic, emetic, emmenagogue, expectorant, hemostatic, sedative and vulnerary.

Reduces fever, antiasthmatic, stimulates the central nervous system, antidysenteric, antimicrobial, alleviates spasms and hypoglycemic (root); hypotensive (rhizome).

Antidiarrheal, astringent, anti-inflammatory and reduces fever (root); stimulates the cardiovascular system, alleviates spasms and cytotoxic (plant); inhibits effects of adrenergic chemicals (aerial part).

Laxative (root) and alleviates spasms (leaf)

In the mouth it acts as a bitter, increasing appetite; it stimulates peristalsis, in chronic constipation due to atony of the bowel it is often combined with cascara and other laxatives with good effects; stimulant (seed); alleviates spasms (fruit and leaf) and relaxes muscles (root bark).

Expectorant and antispasmodic (plant); antispasmodic, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, expectorant and slightly narcotic (root)

Antiviral, stimulates the secretion of gastric juices. aphrodisiac and carminative (bud); antiinflammatory (plant); antibacterial, rubefacient, counter-irritant, antispasmodic, aids in stabilizing blood circulation, regulates body temperature and analgesic.

Kills worms (root powder); alleviates spasms and stimulates the cardiovascular system (leaf); anticancer (plant).

Analgesic, anaesthetic, antispasmodic, antibacterial, antidote, candidicide, digestive, diuretic, febrifuge, fungicide, hypotensive, myorelaxant, nematicide, narcotic, sedative, hallucinogenic, stimulant and pediculicide (leaves and whole plant)

Anthelmintic, antispasmodic, aromatic, diaphoretic, diuretic, purgative and stomachic (whole plant)

All parts of the plant, except the fleshy fruit, are antispasmodic, cardiotonic, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, narcotic and purgative; cardiotonic and abortifacient (leaf); anticancer (bark); “hypothesmic activity” (aerial part); antispasmodic and sedative (fruit and leaf); narcotic and toxic (leaf. young aerial part and shoot)

Carminative, increases the secretion of gastric juices, laxative and antispasmodic (fruit); lowers blood sugar and antiviral (flower); coagulates semen and stimulates the central nervous system (stem bark); protects the liver.

Laxative, antiperiodic, aperient, purgative and diuretic (root); alleviates spasms (plant).

Anticancer, antiviral, alleviates spasms, antimalarial, antifertility and decreases sperm numbers (fruit); light, acrid, cooling and astringent (plant)