Coagulates semen (stem bark); alleviates spasms (stem); astringent, tonic, diuretic and diaphoretic

Antipyretic, anticonvulsive, spasmolytic, antihepatotoxic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antihypertensive (root)

Antipyretic, antispasmodic, diaphoretic and hypotensive (root)

Anodyne, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, astringent and sedative (root)

Antirheumatic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, astringent, cardiotonic, contraceptive, diuretic, poultice, sedative and tonic (leaves)

Anthelmintic, as a nervine calmative, antispasmodic and abortifacient (fruit); astringent(bark); insecticidal and insectrepellent (roots).

Acrid, anodyne, antispasmodic, antidiarrheal, antihermorrhagic, diaphoretic, rubefacient (plant); sedative (plant sap)

Acrid, anodyne, antispasmodic, diaphoretic, rubefacient (whole plant)

Acrid, anodyne, antispasmodic, diaphoretic and emmenagogue and rubefacient (whole plant); antirheumatic (leaves, root)

Antiscorbutic, antispasmodic, astringent, cholagogue, digestive and diuretic (root); eliminates toxins from the body, shows anti-tumour activity (plant); diuretic and laxative (fresh leaf juice); carminative, diuretic, expectorant, laxative and stomachic (seed).

Antiscorbutic, antispasmodic, astringent, cholagogue, digestive, diuretic, tonic and laxative (root); anthelminthic, anti-tumour, antibacterial and antifungal (plant); diuretic and laxative (juice of the fresh leaves); carminative, diuretic, expectorant, laxative and stomachic (seeds)

Antiscorbutic, antispasmodic, astringent, cholagogue, digestive, diuretic, tonic and laxative (root); anthelminthic, anti-tumour, antibacterial and antifungal (plant); diuretic and laxative (juice of the fresh leaves); carminative, diuretic, expectorant, laxative and stomachic (seeds)

Antiscorbutic, antispasmodic, astringent, cholagogue, digestive, diuretic, tonic and laxative (root); anthelminthic, anti-tumour, antibacterial and antifungal (plant); diuretic and laxative (juice of the fresh leaves); carminative, diuretic, expectorant, laxative and stomachic (seeds)

Anticholesterolemic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, antitumor, aperient, astringent, cholagogue, demulcent, diuretic, laxative, purgative, stomachic and tonic (root)

Anticholesterolemic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, antitumor, aperient, astringent, anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertensive, antitumour, cholagogue, demulcent, diuretic, laxative, purgative, stomachic and tonic (root).

Antidiarrheal and astringent (aerial part); antiviral, anticancer and alleviates spasms (leaf).

Decreases spasms in the urinary tract and possibly diuretic (a reddish color from the herb appears in the urine); astringent, tonic, lithontriptic, aperient, cholagogue, diuretic and emmenagogue (roots)

Sedative, antibacterial, abortifacient, antiinflammatory, alleviates spasms, stimulant and diuretic (plant); antirheumatic, antihysteric and analgesic (leaf); antiepileptic, rubefacient and anthelmintic (volatile oil); antidote, antispasmodic, carminative, emetic, emmenagogue, expectorant, haemostatic, homeopathy, ophthalmic, rubefacient, stimulant, stomachic.

Antiseptic and antiasthmatic (leaf and flower); lowers blood sugar (leaf); antihydrotic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, astringent, carminative, cholagogue, galactofuge, stimulant, tonic, vasodilator, laxative, alleviates spasms and reduces fever and nausea (plant); kills insects and carminative (essential oil).

Anthelmintic, diuretic, astringent, stimulates the central nervous system, antihepatotoxic and hypothermic (plant); antidiarrheal and alleviates spasms (seed); relieves toothache pain (leaf).