Relaxes muscles of the bronchial tubes and intestines (leaf alcohol extract); alleviates spasms (plant); anthelmintic and antiseptic (leaves); expectorant (whole plant).

Alleviates spasms and antiviral (plant); germicide and antiparasitical, it has been shown to be effective in lowering cholesterol and reducing blood pressure.

Antispasmodic and antiviral (stem bark); astringent, anti-inflammatory, expectorant and tonic (leaf and bark).

Diuretic, anticancer, hypotensive, alleviates spasms, depresses the central nervous system and antiviral (50% EtOH stem bark extract).

Astingent, antispasmodic, antisyphilitic, strongly astringent (they contain 8% tannin), expectorant, haemostatic and sedative (root)

Cough suppressant, anti-asthmatic, decongestant, antispasmodic, cardiotonic (tones, balances, strengthens the heart)

Aphrodisiac (seed); alleviates spasms, hypothermic and antiprotozoal (plant).

Alleviates spasms (fruit); astringent, lenitive and stomachic (leaves and fruits).

Antiprotozoal, alleviates spasms and sedative (plant); on keratinization and collagen synthesis (stimulates hair and nail growth and provides support for the repair of cartilagen); neutralizes acids in the blood, antiinflammatory, laxative (mild), diuretic, antispasmodic.

Anticephalagic (plant and seed); antiseptic, alleviates spasms, antiprotozoal, stimulates the central nervous system, diuretic and hypothermic (plant); induces sneezing (leaf and seed powder); anti-allergic, antibacterial; bitter, pungent, expectorant, emetic and carminative (leaves); vermifuge (seed).

Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, astringent and digestive (fruit)

Anodyne, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, cholagogue, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, febrifuge, sedative, stomachic, tonic and vasodilator (flower infuison)

Antispasmodic (to the gastrointestinal tract), stimulates the flow of bile soothes and aids in healing digestive parts, kills microbes in the upper respiratory tract and sedative. Acrid, alterative, anodyne, antispasmodic, caustic, cholagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, hydrogogue, narcotic, purgative (leaves and sap)

Antispasmodic and emmenagogue (whole plant); depurative, nervine, fermifuge.

Sudorific (leaves or roots); antifertility (juice from boiled branches); antispasmodic during childbirth (root extracts and bark).

Analgesic, antispasmodic, emetic, galactofuge and sedative (root)

Alterative, analgesic, antirheumatic, antispasmodic, astringent, blood cleanser, cardiac, diuretic, emetic, emmenagogue, expectorant, laxative, sedative, stimulant, sudorific and tonic.

Antimalarial (plant and bark); antiarrhythmic and cardiotonic (plant); antipyretic, stringent and antiseptic (bark); antiparasitic, antiprotozoal, antispasmodic, bitter digestive aid, cardiotonic (tones, balances, strengthens the heart).

Stimulates the central nervous system (aerial part); stimulates the cardiovascular system (aerial part and essential plant oil); sedative (in hysteria), antibacterial, carminative, antispasmodic, antiseptic, rubefacient, expectorant and aphrodisiac (essential plant oil).

Antigonorrheic (bark); alleviates spasms, carminative (leaf); antidiabetic and antifungal (essential oil).