Aphrodisiac, antidepressant, tonic, diuretic, cough-suppressant and mild laxative

Laxative, antiseptic, astringent, diuretic and hemostatic; astringent, tonic, anti-inflammatory and antiseptic (leaves)

Antiarthritic, laxative, antibacterial, antitubercular, and antipyretic (root).

Anodyne, cathartic, emetic, hepatic, laxative and tonic (root); antiseptic, carminative, depurative, diaphoretic, hepatotonic.

Antispasmodic, astringent and sedative (bark); antiscorbutic, emetic and laxative (leaves and fruits)

Hypotensive (root); emetic (root and seed); laxative (flower. root and seed); diaphoretic, expectorant, antipyretic and diuretic.

Anodyne, antiasthmatic, anti-inflammatory, cardiac, demulcent, depurative, diuretic, emollient, expectorant, laxative, vulnerary stimulant, diaphoretic and diuretic (plant); emetic and purgative (root)

Sedative, antispasmodic, cardiac, cytostatic, diuretic, hypotensive, narcotic, nervine, stimulant, tonic, vasodilator, emetic, anticancer and has a positve effect on arteriosclerosis (aerial part and leaf); hypotensive (leaf, wood and bark); diuretic and laxative (fruit); cardiotonic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, diuretic and purgative (fruit, leaf, wood and bark).

The fresh fruit is antilithic, constructive, cooling, diuretic and strengthening. The dried fruit is demulcent, cooling, mildly expectorant, laxative and stomachic. The leaves, especially red leaves, are anti-inflammatory and astringent. The seed is anti-inflammatory and astringent. The sap of young branches is diuretic.

Abortifacient, laxative, febrifugal, purgative and emollient (plant); hypothermic and sedative (plant-low dosage); excitedness (plant-high dosage); antisyphilitic (root)

Laxative and purgative (leaves)

Antiepileptic, sedative, laxative, diaphoretic, emollient, diuretic, sedative and antibilious (plant); antiinflammatory, antitumor and hypothermic (root); astringent, alterative, antisyphilitic and diuretic (leaves)

Abortifacient, anthelminthic, antiseptic, carminative, emetic, emmenagogue, laxative and tonic.