Astringent (fruit and stem bark); acrid, bitter and oleaginous (unripe fruit); cooling, anti-inflammatory, constipating, depurative and febrifuge (bark); diuretic, carminative, laxative, ophthalmic and stypic (leaves); diuretic and aphrodisiac (flowers).

Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, spasmolytic, antiviral and hypotensive (plant); anodyne, astringent, diaphoretic, febrifuge, odontalgic and vulnerary (leaves)

Antipyretic and hemostatic

Antiscorbutic, analgesic, antibacterial, aromatic, febrifuge, skin, stimulant and stomachic (bark)

Analgesic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, astringent, febrifuge, haemostatic, vermifuge and vulnerary (root stalks).

Anodyne, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, astringent, expectorant, febrifuge, sudorific, vermifuge and vulnerary (root)

The root stalks are anodyne, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, astringent, febrifuge, vermifuge, vulnerary, anthelmintic.

Anticoagulant, antiseptic, depurative and febrifuge (whole plant)

Used as febrifuge (fruits); stimulant (flowers); diuretic (infusion of leaves and juice of fruit).

As a general tonic (fruit); vermifuge (fruit flesh); febrifuge (decoction of the leaves and roots)

Febrifuge (juice of the bark)

Diuretic, febrifuge and emetic (decoction of plant); diuretic and antihepatic (entire plant); as vulnerary (leaves); tonic and depurative (aerial parts).

Hypothermic, stimulates the central nervous system, diuretic and carminative (plant); antibacterial, antipyretic, antiviral, astringent, carminative, diaphoretic, diuretic and stomachic (oil)

Diaphoretic and antipyretic

Acrid, coolant, refrigerant, diuretic, aphrodisiac, laxative, expectorant, cardiotonic, antipyretic, antioxidative, antiviral, anti-emetic.

Stimulant and cardiotonic (plant); antitussive, diuretic, diaphoretic, febrifuge, hypertensive, nervine, tonic and vasoconstrictor (stem)

Abortifacient, astringent, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant, febrifuge, haemostatic, hypotensive and styptic (whole plant)

Expectorant, antipyretic and antispasmodic (leaves); bitter tonic and a stimulating balsamic expectorant (bitter tea made from the leaves);

The leaves, and the essential oil they contain, are antiseptic, antispasmodic, expectorant, febrifuge and stimulant. Its antiseptic properties confer some antimalarial action; carminative, alleviates spasms, antiperiodic, antiseptic, aromatic, deodorant, expectorant, febrifuge, hypoglycaemic, stimulant and fungitoxic (leaf); antibacterial and stimulates the cardiovascular system (aerial part); antiseptic (mainly in skin diseases and for upper respiratory infections), stimulant and expectorant (essential oil); antipyretic (bark and leaf).

Stomachic, febrifuge and astringent (leaf infusion).