As a febrifuge, tonic, antiperiodic, antidysenteric, emmenagogue, anticholeric, vulnerary, antiamoebic, and antimalarial (bark); antiseptic (leaves)

Laxative (bark decoction); anticancer and hypotensive (stem bark); anthelmintic (bark); hypothermic and aphrodisiac (prolongs erection in males); astringent and galactogogue, antibacterial activity (Khan et al., 2003).

As febrifuge and vermifuge (bark)

Hypothermic and antiulcer; increases flow of milk after parturition in women (plant juice).

Expectorant and carminative; prevents gastric ulcers (root extract); bitter, pungent, carminative, expectorant, stomachic, antiscorbutic and antipyretic (resin); astringent, depurative and antisyphilitic (root bark).

Astringent (plant); febrifuge (leaves)

Antidote, astringent, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, emollient, febrifuge, emmenagogue, galactogogue, alleviates spasms and antagonistic to hyperactive effects of amphetamines (plant); laxative (root and leaf).

Similar to that of vitamin B12 (plant); "juvenomimetic activity" (petroleum ether extract of plant); febrifuge, antihelminthic, diuretic and galactagogue.

Astringent, emetic and febrifuge (leaf); stimulant, astringent, hemostatic, and antiseptic (plant)

Febrifuge and antiemetic (fruits)

As febrifuge and antiseptic (fruit)

As febrifuge, anti-emetic and antiseptic (fruit)

Astringent, anodyne, tonic, alexipharmic, tonic, febrifuge, stomachic, cholagogue, stimulant, aperient, antityphoid, antifungal, protects liver, antidiabetic and cholinergic (plant); lowers blood pressure (leaf); antibacterial (shoot).

Anti-fungal, antiseptic, bitter, diuretic, expectorant, febrifuge, hypoglycaemic, laxative, lenitive, sedative and tonic (rhizome); antiinflammatory, antipyretic, depurative, peristaltic.

The root is analgesic, antiarthritic, anticancer, anticonvulsant, antiinflammatory, antipyretic, antiseptic, CNS Depressant, depurative, diaphoretic, diuretic,emetic, immunostimulant, laxative, myorelaxant and sedative. The whole plant is analgesic, antiperiodic, antiphlogistic, blood purifier, disinfectant, diuretic, laxative, stomachic and vulnerary.

Analgesic, antipyretic, antispasmodic, antitussive, expectorant and stimulant (root); antiseptic, antiarthritic, antispasmodic, carminative, lenitive, stimulant, stomachic, tonic (plant)

Antipyretic, carminative, emetic, gastrotonic, laxative, stimulant, stomachic, tonic.

Hypothermic, astringent, aromatic, astringent, carminative, mosquito repellent and tonic (plant); hypothermic activity (ethanolic extract (50%) of the herb).

The whole plant, especially the leaves and the roots are used as astringent, carminative, febrifuge and tonic.

Vermifuge (leaf decoction); febrifuge (root decoction)