Astringent (stem bark); laxative, astringent and anti-inflammatory (seed); antivinous, astringent, cardiac, carminative, digestive, diuretic, emollient, expectorant, pectoral, peptic, refrigerant, restorative, stimulant and tonic (fruit)

Oil has antifungal and antibacterial properties; antimicrobial, analgesic, antipyretic and depresses the central nervous system (essential plant oil); antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, cyanogenetic, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant, preventative (cold), stimulant and insecticidal.

Antitussive and expectorant (dried rhizome and root)

Anodyne, antitussive and expectorant (decoction of dried root); febrifuge (decoction of all parts)

Expectorant, aphrobisiac and as nervine tonic (tuber)

Astringent, expectorant, sedative, tonic.

The leaves, flowering tops and seeds are anodyne, antiasthmatic, antispasmodic, hallucinogenic, hypnotic, mydriatic and narcotic; kills insects (plant extract); antidandruff (fruit); narcotic (seed); intoxicating (which can be fatal) and sedative (young fruit); anticholinergic, cyanogenetic, expectorant, reduces fever, fumitory, fungicidal, hypnotic, poisonous.

Protects liver (of rats) against damage at cellular level (root extract); astringent, expectorant, stimulant, antiparasitic and poisonous (to children and livestock); stimulant, alterative and tonic (root)

Used as a diuretic, laxative, expectorant and emmenagogue (stems).

Diuretic, expectorant, poultice

Atiscorbutic and astringent (flowers, leaves); Cardiotonic, demulcent, diuretic, expectorant, febrifuge, laxative, restorative and tonic (seed)

Analgesic and antiinflammatory (root), Astringent, diuretic, febrifuge, expectorant, laxative, nervine, tonic.

Purgative (leaves); emetic, expectorant, febrifuge and purgative (root)

Abortifacient, anthelmintic, antispasmodic, aromatic, digestive, diuretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, febrifuge, galactogogue, stimulant and tonic (flowering stem, root bark)

Antitumor, emmenagogue; antispasmodic, carminative, diaphoretic, mildly diuretic, expectorant, poultice, stimulant and vasodilator (resin)

Anodyne, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, astringent, expectorant, febrifuge, sudorific, vermifuge and vulnerary (root)

Acrid, coolant, refrigerant, diuretic, aphrodisiac, laxative, expectorant, cardiotonic, antipyretic, antioxidative, antiviral, anti-emetic.

Antirheumatic, aphrodisiac, carminative, expectorant, ophthalmic and vasodilator (whole plant)

Abortifacient, astringent, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant, febrifuge, haemostatic, hypotensive and styptic (whole plant)

Sedative (fruit); expectorant and insect repellent (flowers); astringent, antitussive and antidiarrheic (leaves)