Antitussive, diuretic, carminative, expectorant, febrifuge, pectoral, sedative and tonic (bulb)

Astringent, highly demulcent, emmenagogue, emollient and expectorant (bulb and flowers)

Antiestrogenic, antiinflammatory, diuretic, emmenagogue, emollient and expectorant (bulb); carminative (flowers)

Reduces fever, stimulates the secretion and/or flow of milk, sweet, bitter, refrigerant, galactagogue, expectorant, aphrodisiac, diuretic, antipyretic and tonic (bulb); astringent, antiinflammatory and emollient.

Antiasthmatic, antitussive, expectorant, sedative and tonic (bulb)

Expectorant, aniseptic and anthelminthic (plant)

The seed is analgesic, demulcent, emollient, laxative, pectoral and resolvent; increases nerve strength (flower); emollient, expectorant, reduces fever, laxative, aphrodisiac, diuretic and carminative.

Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, expectorant, pectoral, salve and stimulant (resin)

Antiseptic, carminative, diuretic, expectorant, parasiticide, poultice, salve, sedative, stimulant, vulnerary (resin obtained from the trunk of the tree)

Expectorant, diaphoretic, aphrodisiac, laxative, emetic (in large doses), euphoriant, posionous (can be fatal) in very high doses, alleviates spasms, increases nerve strength, psychological aid, relaxing and stimulant.

Emetic and purgative (seeds); demulcent, diuretic, bitter-tonic and nutritive (fruit); abortifacient, antipyretic, expectorant, hypoglycemic, laxative, tonic and vermifuge.

Antibacterial, astringent, diuretic, expectorant, hypotensive, tonic.

Fresh juice of the plant is alterative, while the spirit distilled from the flowers is powerful stimulant, astringent, tonic and appetiser. Flowers are cooling demulcent, expectorant, tonic nutritive and stimulant, antidiabetic and hypotensive (bark); antibacterial (aerial part); spermicide (seed); astringent (bark and flower).

Emmenagogue (flowers); antiseptic, antispasmodic, aphrodisiac, appetizer, diuretic, expectorant, hypotensive, stomachic and tonic (stem bark); bactericidal, digestive and stomachic (plant)

Expectorant, stomachic and tonic (bark)

Stimulant, expectorant, tonic, increases the flow and/or secretion of milk, antiasthmatic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, cholagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, stomachic and mildly tonic (plant); antimicrobial (essential oil); astringent (leaves and seeds); stimulant, sudorific, emmenagogue and galactagogue (plant infusion)

All parts of the plant are antiphlogistic, astringent, demulcent, diuretic, emollient, expectorant, laxative, salve, antiseptic and hypothermic.

Antiseptic, antispasmodic, cholagogue, diaphoretic, digestive, diuretic, emmenagogue, strongly expectorant, hepatic, stimulant and tonic (leaves and young flowering stems)

Antiseptic, antifungal, diaphoretic and expectorant (essential oil from leaves)

Alleviates spasms and antiprotozoal (aerial part); repels mosquitos, expectorant, carminative and anthelmintic (primarily against roundworms) (volatile oil); antiseptic, antibacterial, antifungal and antidandruff.