Emetic, emmenagogue, expectorant, laxative, stimulant.

Alleviates spasms (50% EtOH aerial part extract); antidiabetic. stimulates insulin production and/or secretion and antiviral (leaf); inhibits high blood sugar levels (leaf extract); increases the secretion of gastric juices. laxative. diuretic, acrid, alexipharmic, anodyne, anthelmintic, antipyretic, astringent, bitter, cardiotonic, digestive, emetic,expectorant, laxative, stimulant, stomachic, uterine tonic.

Antirheumatic (seed oil); alleviates spasms, diuretic and depresses the central nervous system (50% EtOH aerial part extract); emetic (seed); as a febrifuge (bark)

Antiseptic, cytotoxic, depurative, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, expectorant, insecticide, purgative.

Anticholinergic, antidote, antispasmodic, anxiolytic, astringent, depurative, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, hallucinogen, hemostatic, laxative, myorelaxant, narcotic, psychomimetic, sedative, tonic, tranquilizer, vasodilator and vulnerary (leaves)

Anthelmintic, cardiac, cathartic, diuretic, emetic, emmenagogue, irritant, violently narcotic and a drastic purgative (root)

Diuretic, febrifuge, laxative; anodyne, antiemetic, antispasmodic, depurative, febrifuge and sedative (flowers); tuberculostatic (rhizome); antidote (root juice); diuretic (a tea from root).

Laxative (leaves); emetic (pulverized roots).

Diuretic, laxative, and emetic (root) and alleviates spasms (aerial part).

Antirheumatic and antiscorbutic (whole plant); antibacterial, cytotoxic, diuretic, emetic, gastrostimulant.

Diaphoretic, expectorant, febrifuge and tonic (leaves); emetic and purgative (berries); diuretic (root)

Depurative, diuretic, emetic, hallucinogen and laxative.

The root is diuretic, emetic, expectorant and mildly purgative. Induces a decline in smooth muscle activity (in vitro) and alleviates spasms (aqueous plant extract); promotes nasal discharge and reduces fever (rhizome).

Emetic, diuretic and cathartic (dried root); alterative, anti-inflammatory, cathartic, cholagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic and sialagogue (root)

Used as an emmenagogue or emetic (root); lactagogue (flower)

Anthelminthic, antiseptic, bitter, emetic, gastrotonic, hypotensive, laxative, narcotic, stomachic, tonic.

Depresses the central nervous system and hypothermic (plant); antileukemic, emetic and insecticidal (seed); emmenagogue (bark decoction);

Alterative, anodyne, astringent, blood tonic, detergent, emetic, laxative, pectoral and vermifuge (bark and leaves)

Abortifacient, diuretic, emetic, powerfully emmenagogue, irritant and anthelmintic (young shoots)

Emetic and haemostatic (leaves)