Antiinflammatory (leaf and root); stimulates the central nervous and cardiovascular systems, spermicidal, anodyne, antispasmodic, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant and rubefacient (plant); diaphoretic, emetic and expectorant(root).

Antispasmodic, decongestant, depurative, diuretic, emetic, expectorant and tonic

Diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, emmenagogue, laxative, refrigerant, rubefacient, stomachic, antiinflammatory, antibacterial and inhibits heart activity in dogs subjected to anesthesia (seed); laxative and emetic (root).

Antibiotic, antispasmodic, carminative, diaphoretic, digestive, mildly diuretic, emetic in large doses, febrifuge and purgative (root)

Antiseptic, antispasmodic, aromatic, carminative, digestive, emmenagogue, galactogogue, stimulant, expectorant, antiemetic and relieves bad breath (seed); aids in digestion and carminative (seed and fruit); alleviates spasms (essential plant oil and alcohol fruit extract).

Anthelmintic (fruit and leaf); alleviates spasms and antiviral (aerial part and root); stops bleeding (bark); coolant and reduces fever (leaf); anthelmintic, emetic (pods); alexipharmic and cooling (seeds); astringent (flowers)

The seeds are acrid, bitter, thermogenic, emollient, stimulant, intellect promoting, digestive, laxative, emetic, expectorant, appetizer, aphrodisiac, cardiotonic, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, emmenagogue, diaphoretic, febrifuge and tonic, improves learning and memory and shows cognitive enhancing abilities through an anti-cholinesterase-like mechanism.

Diaphoretic, diuretic and emetic (root); analgesic, antipyretic, astringent, cardioactive, cholagogue, depurative, emmenagogue, laxative.

Appetizer, aromatic, bitter, cholagogue, diaphoretic, digestive, emetic, weakly febrifuge, hepatic, stomachic and tonic (herb)

Anticephalagic (plant and seed); antiseptic, alleviates spasms, antiprotozoal, stimulates the central nervous system, diuretic and hypothermic (plant); induces sneezing (leaf and seed powder); anti-allergic, antibacterial; bitter, pungent, expectorant, emetic and carminative (leaves); vermifuge (seed).

Emetic in large doses (root); induces nausea in intermediate doses; diaphoretic and expectorant in small doses; anti-irritant for skin.

As a laxative and emetic (leaves and bark); purgative (roots and bark); abortifacient (decoction of inner bark)

Emetic and purgative (bark,leaves and latex)

Stimulates the secretion and flow of gastric juices and kills bacteria (similar to that of antibiotics), demulcent, anti-inflammatory, anti-emetic, expectorant.

Adaptogen, diuretic, emetic, uterine tonic and vermifuge (root)

Cardiotoxic, contraceptive, convulsant, curare, emetic and narcotic (root)

Analgesic, antispasmodic, emetic, galactofuge and sedative (root)

Alterative, analgesic, antirheumatic, antispasmodic, astringent, blood cleanser, cardiac, diuretic, emetic, emmenagogue, expectorant, laxative, sedative, stimulant, sudorific and tonic.

Astringent, aromatic, stimulant, carminative, expectorant, antiemetic, reduces nausea and lipolytic.

Antirheumatic, antiscorbutic, antiseptic, antiviral, aperitif, bactericidal, febrifuge, restorative, tonic, diuretic and stimulates the central nervous system (aerial part); anthelmintic and antibilious (fruit juice), antiemetic, antitussive, carminative, diaphoretic, digestive and expectorant (fruit). An oil obtained from the seeds contains linolenic acid, which has the ability to reduce cholesterol level in the blood.