Antidote, antiemetic, antipyretic and refrigerant (stem); antiasthmatic, antiemetic, antipyretic, antitussive, depurative, diuretic, febrifuge, lithontripic, sedative, sialogogue and stomachic (root).

Emetic and purgative (latex); laxative and are taken as a liver tonic to enrich the blood (fruit).

Antipyretic and diuretic (leaves); antipyretic, antitussive, expectorant and sedative (juice of the stems); antiemetic, depurative and sedative (epidermis of the stem bark); astringent, antipyretic, diuretic and styptic (root).

Antipyretic and diuretic (leaves); antipyretic, antitussive, expectorant and sedative (juice of the stems); antiemetic and sedative (epidermis of the stem bark); astringent, antipyretic, depurative, diuretic and styptic (roots).

Anti-inflammatory and antiviral (plant); alterative, anodyne, anti-inflammatory, cathartic, expectorant, hypnotic, narcotic and purgative (root); anodyne and anti-inflammatory (dried root); cathartic, emetic and expectorant (leaves).

Antiemetic, antiphlogistic, expectorant, febrifuge, sialagogue and styptic (root); analgesic, antiemetic, anticancer and sedative (plant extract).

Diuretic and emetic (flowers)

Antidote, antiinflammatory, antispasmodic, cathartic, depurative, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, emmenagogue, expectorant, laxative, secretagogue, secretolytic, sialagogue, stimulant and tonic (root); abortifacient (bark infusion)

Analgesic, antiinflammatory, antipyretic, aphrodisiac, astringent, depurative, emetic, laxative, sedative, tonic, vulnerary.

The leaves are anthelmintic, diuretic and emollient. The whole plant is anthelmintic, antiphlogistic and diuretic. The juice of the plant is weakly diuretic, expectorant and vasoconstrictor. The seeds are emetic and purgative.

Used as a sedative in ear and eye ailments, and as a skin tonic and hair revitalizer (seed); anthelminthic and emetic (sap from the bark).

Antispasmodic, vermifuge, emetic, astringent, sedative, anodyne, anti-inflammatory and febrifuge

Cathartic, cyanogenetic, discutient, emetic, stomachic, and vulnerary.

Antirheumatic, antiseptic, hypothermic and antidiuretic (plant); mouth antiseptic (plant infusion); hypotensive, antiviral, analgesic, antidiarrheal, antiemetic, antispasmodic, astringent, purifies the blood, carminative, laxative, diuretic, emetic and sedative.

Antiinflammatory and antiseptic (salted fruit); antipyretic, antiseptic, emetic, ophthalmic; analgesic, anthelmintic, antiasthmatic, antispasmodic, antitussive, demulcent, emollient, expectorant, pectoral, sedative and vulnerary (seed)

Antifebrile, antiemetic, and counterpoisonous (plant); styptic (leaves); emetic (roots); diaphoretic and febrifuge (flowers).

Emetic, demulcent, antirheumatic, stimulates the secretion and/or flow of milk (root); lowers blood sugar and antiimplantation (tuber).

Antipyretic, depurative, diuretic, emetic, larvicide, laxative, tranquilizer.

Alterative, antiseptic, astringent, galactogogue, haemostatic, rubefacient and tonic (bark or root bark); appetizer, astringent, diuretic and emetic (tea made from the roots); diuretic, emetic, emmenagogue, purgative and refrigerant (berries)

Sedative, antibacterial, abortifacient, antiinflammatory, alleviates spasms, stimulant and diuretic (plant); antirheumatic, antihysteric and analgesic (leaf); antiepileptic, rubefacient and anthelmintic (volatile oil); antidote, antispasmodic, carminative, emetic, emmenagogue, expectorant, haemostatic, homeopathy, ophthalmic, rubefacient, stimulant, stomachic.