Antiinflammatory, alterative, antipyretic, aperitif, astringent, bitter, cholagogue, contraceptive, demulcent, hepatotonic, laxative, litholytic, natriuretic, rubefacient, sedative, tonic (bark)

Antiseptic, bactericidal, balsamic, carminative, cholagogue, fungicide, stimulant, stomachic and tonic (dried rhizome)

Antibilious, appetizer, carminative, cholagogue, mildly diuretic, hepatic, laxative and antiscorbutic (whole plant)

The seeds are alterative, anthelmintic, carminative and antibilious (stem); laxative and antifertility (plant); antiviral (50% EtOH aerial part extract).

Laxative and antibilious (fruit); hypoglycemic and induces low blood lipids (gum); retards growth in rats, as a chemotherapeutic agent against smallpox (seed).

Stimulates liver cell regeneration and the flow of bile, prevents gall stones, purifies the body, hypocholesterolemic, hypoglycemic, antiinflammatory and helps eliminate side effects due to antibiotics and sulfonamides. Anticholesterolemic, antirheumatic, cholagogue, digestive, diuretic, hypoglycaemic and lithontripic (leaves)

Roots are considered carminative, tonic and diuretic and used in bilious complaints. Leaves are galactagogue, diuretic, potentiates barbiturates and in mice, influences the central nervous system (50% EtOH plant extract).

Anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, cholagogue, diaphoretic and vasodilator (roots)

Antibilious, laxative, demulcent (leaf);

Alterative, cardiac, cathartic, cholagogue, diuretic, expectorant, hepatic, laxative, stimulant and tonic (stem and root bark); emetic and strongly laxative (seed)

Stimulant, febrifuge and laxative; antispasmodic, cholagogue, diaphoretic, emetic, febrifuge, laxative, purgative, stimulant, vasodilator (leaves and flowering stems)

Tonic, cholagogue and a valuable terebinthic diuretic (dried leaves and twigs)

Antispasmodic, aperient, cholagogue, depurative, slightly diaphoretic, mildly diuretic, laxative, hepatoprotective and weakly tonic (herb)

Analgesic, antispasmodic, carminative, cholagogue, sedative and tonic (root)

Anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, bitter tonic, cholagogue, emmenagogue, febrifuge, refrigerant, stomachic (roots)

Anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, bitter tonic, cholagogue, emmenagogue, febrifuge, refrigerant, stomachic (root)

Appetizer, bitter tonic, digestive, febrifuge, anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, cholagogue, emmenagogue, febrifuge, refrigerant and stomachic

Stimulates the liver and increases the secretion of gastric juices (plant); purifies blood, anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, bitter tonic, cholagogue, emmenagogue, febrifuge, refrigerant, stomachic (root).

Anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, bitter tonic, cholagogue, emmenagogue, febrifuge, refrigerant, stomachic

Anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, bitter tonic, cholagogue, emmenagogue, febrifuge, refrigerant, stomachic (roots)