Laxative (bark decoction); anticancer and hypotensive (stem bark); anthelmintic (bark); hypothermic and aphrodisiac (prolongs erection in males); astringent and galactogogue, antibacterial activity (Khan et al., 2003).

Expectorant and carminative; prevents gastric ulcers (root extract); bitter, pungent, carminative, expectorant, stomachic, antiscorbutic and antipyretic (resin); astringent, depurative and antisyphilitic (root bark).

Stimulant, stomachic, carminative, hypoglycemic (rhizome and root); deters growth of keratinophilic fungi (seed oil); increases the secretion of gastric juices, stimulant, astringent and alexipharmic (seed).

Oxytocic (plant); aperient,carminative and expectorant; the fresh ones are an acrid stimulant and expectorant, and increase appetite and taste (corns); restorative, stomachic, tonic.

Analgesic, carminative and diuretic (plant)

Antihalitosis, aromatic, carminative, diuretic, galactogogue, stimulant, stomachic, aromatic carminative, reduces fever and anthelmintic (fruit); abortifacient (in rats) (seed extract); hypoglycemic, alleviates spasms (50% EtOH extract from fruit).

As a general tonic, emmenagogue, carminative, sedative, oxytocic and galactagogue (roots).

Analgesic, antibacterial, antidote, carminative, depuritive, diaphoretic, poultice (root).

Carminative, stimulant, diaphoretic, stomachic, tonic, expectorant and antiseptic.

Carminative and stomachic (leaves); carminative, diaphoretic, sedative, stomachic and tonic (root); aromatic, stimulant, expectorant, diuretic, and emmenagogue

Analgesic, anodyne, antibacterial, antidote, carminative, diaphoretic, diuretic, poultice and stimulant (root)

Analgesic, antipyretic, antispasmodic, antitussive, expectorant and stimulant (root); antiseptic, antiarthritic, antispasmodic, carminative, lenitive, stimulant, stomachic, tonic (plant)

Carminative, stimulant.

Anodyne, anti-inflammatory, antirheumatic, carminative, nervine and vasodilator (roots and rhizomes);

Antipyretic, carminative, emetic, gastrotonic, laxative, stimulant, stomachic, tonic.

Hypothermic, astringent, aromatic, astringent, carminative, mosquito repellent and tonic (plant); hypothermic activity (ethanolic extract (50%) of the herb).

The whole plant, especially the leaves and the roots are used as astringent, carminative, febrifuge and tonic.

Achic, anodyne, antispasmodic, tonic, diuretic, emmenagogue, emetic (plant); anticancer, stimulant and carminative (flower); sedative, antiinflammatory and antidiuretic (oil).

Anticoagulant, antispasmodic, carminative, emollient and stimulant (whole plant and flowering stems)

Aperient, carminative, diuretic, emmenagogue, nervine, stimulant, tonic, increases nerve strength (fruit); anticonvulsant, tranquillizing and antifungal (essential seed oil); potent aphrodisiac (seed); antigalactogogue, antiseptic.