Bitter, carminative, diuretic, expectorant, nervine and stimulant (root); antispasmodic, aphrodisiac, emmenagogue, diaphoretic and stimulant (plant)

Sedative and kills bacteria (rhizome and root), alleviates spasms and expectorant (root), antibacterial (essential oil), antispasmodic, carminative, diuretic, hypnotic, nervine, stimulant.

The root is antispasmodic, carminative, diuretic, hypnotic, powerfully nervine, stimulant, sedative, antistress, hypnotic, reduces pain sensation and promotes sleep

Aphrodisiac, carminative, emmenagogue and stimulant (fruits)

Tonic, carminative and expectorant; acrid and used as an alexipharmic (bark).

Carminative, stomachic, tonic and stimulant (root bark) and antiallergic (plant).

Anodyne, cathartic, emetic, hepatic, laxative and tonic (root); antiseptic, carminative, depurative, diaphoretic, hepatotonic.

Astringent and stimulates the central nervous system (root); carminative and hypothermic (root oil); diaphoretic (root oil and leaf decoction), diaphoretic (leaves), carminative, stimulant, refrigerant and antibacterial.

Carminative, emetic, alterative, diuretic, antibilious, antiinflammatory, depresses the central nervous system and sedative (fruit); proteolytic (plant and fruit).

Abortifacient, anthelminthic, antiseptic, carminative, emetic, emmenagogue, laxative and tonic.

Anthelmintic and antibacterial (fruit’s essential oil); kills insects and toxic (to fish) (seed and bark); carminative (seed); carminative, stomachic and anthelmintic (bark, fruit, seed).

Irritant, odontalgic and antirheumatic (bark and roots); diaphoretic, stimulant, antispasmodic, carminative, diuretic and antirheumatic (fruits).

Anaesthetic, anthelmintic, aromatic, astringent, carminative, diuretic, emmenagogue, stimulant, sudorific, vasodilator and vermifuge (fruits); anaesthetic, anthelmintic, antibacterial, antifungal, antihypertensive and diuretic (pericarp)

Irritant, odontalgic and antirheumatic (bark and roots); diaphoretic, stimulant, antispasmodic, carminative, diuretic and antirheumatic (fruits).

Antirheumatic (plant); anodyne, antiphlogistic, carminative, depurative, sudorific, febrifuge and emmenagogue (root); astringent, anthelmintic, carminative, diaphoretic, stimulant, antipyretic and stomachic (decoction or powder of fruits); cooling, disinfectant, and bechic (decoction of leafy branches); powerfully stimulant and tonic (resin of root bark).

Analgesic, antiemetic, aphrodisiac, aromatic, carminative, diaphoretic, digestive, expectorant, nervine, rubefacient, stimulant, stomachic.