Astringent, carminative and expectorant (whole plant).

Astringent, carminative and diuretic (plant); emmenagogue, nervine and tonic (bulb)

Alterative, astringent, cathartic, febrifuge and tonic (bark); astringent, galactogogue and vermifuge (leaves)

Appetizer, astringent, cathartic, cytostatic, emetic, stomachic and tonic (bark)

Diurectic; styptic and astringent (leaves)

As a stomachic, carminative, astringent, tonic and sedative (rhizome); diuretic, antihypertensive, and antiulcerogenic (decoction or infusion of leaves).

Laxative (bark decoction); anticancer and hypotensive (stem bark); anthelmintic (bark); hypothermic and aphrodisiac (prolongs erection in males); astringent and galactogogue, antibacterial activity (Khan et al., 2003).

Abortifacient (decoction of the plant); bitter tonic and astringent (bark)

Expectorant and carminative; prevents gastric ulcers (root extract); bitter, pungent, carminative, expectorant, stomachic, antiscorbutic and antipyretic (resin); astringent, depurative and antisyphilitic (root bark).

Astringent (plant); febrifuge (leaves)

Antidote, astringent, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, emollient, febrifuge, emmenagogue, galactogogue, alleviates spasms and antagonistic to hyperactive effects of amphetamines (plant); laxative (root and leaf).

Diuretic (leaves); astringent (whole plant)

Astringent, emetic and febrifuge (leaf); stimulant, astringent, hemostatic, and antiseptic (plant)

Stimulant, stomachic, carminative, hypoglycemic (rhizome and root); deters growth of keratinophilic fungi (seed oil); increases the secretion of gastric juices, stimulant, astringent and alexipharmic (seed).

Antiseptic, antidysenteric, antibacterial, antiulcerous, astringent

Astringent, anodyne, tonic, alexipharmic, tonic, febrifuge, stomachic, cholagogue, stimulant, aperient, antityphoid, antifungal, protects liver, antidiabetic and cholinergic (plant); lowers blood pressure (leaf); antibacterial (shoot).

Astringent

Analgesic, antibacterial, astringent, circulotonic, contraceptive, demulcent, diuretic, emetic, hepatotonic, laxative, litholytic, vulnerary.

Astringent and styptic (roots, leaves); anthelmintic (root)

Hypothermic, astringent, aromatic, astringent, carminative, mosquito repellent and tonic (plant); hypothermic activity (ethanolic extract (50%) of the herb).