Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antiphlogistic, antiseptic, astringent, cardiotonic, discutient, diuretic, haemostatic, hypoglycaemic, styptic, tonic and vulnerary (roots); antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, cardiotonic, diuretic, haemostatic and hypoglycaemic (roots and flowers)

Analgesic (root)

Analgesic, antinarcotic, antitussive, aphrodisiac, sedative and tranquilizer (seeds); sudorific (petals)

Expectorant, sedative, diaphoretic and pain reliever (flower); narcotic (latex); antimicrobial, anticancer (plant extract); sudorific, sedative and anodyne (petals); anodyne, emollient, emmenagogue, expectorant, hypnotic, slightly narcotic and sedative (flowers and petals)

Analgesic, aphrodisiac, astringent, narcotic, hypothermic and lowers blood pressure (latex); alleviates spasms and stimulates the cardiovascular system (fruit); laxative (seed); increases nerve strength, sedative, relieves pain, anticonvulsive, emollient.

Analgesic (for neuralgia); caused damage to the leukocyte chromosome of humans (in vitro) and caused "micronuclei formation in polychromatic erythrocyte" in mice, a tonic, febrifuge, emmenagogue (plant)

Antiscorbutic and stomachic (fruit); vermifuge (leaf decoction); emetic, diuretic and vermifuge (root)

Analgesic , antibacterial, antioxidant, hyperglycemic, memory enhancer, nervine (balances/calms nerves), neurasthenic, platelet aggregation inhibitor (to prevent clogged arteries), stimulant, vasodilator.

Abortifacient and aphrodisiac (plant); anthelmintic, narcotic, alterative, lactagogue, antispasmodic, hypnotic, anodyne, emetic, alleviates spasms, narcotic and kills certain insects (seed); antimicrobial, hypertensive, stimulates motor tracts of the central nervous system, acts as an MAO inhibitor, diuretic, stupefacient,diaphoretic.

Sedative, antibacterial, antidote, antipyretic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, antitussive, aromatic, carminative, diaphoretic, emollient, expectorant, pectoral, stomachic, tonic, hypothermic, alleviates spasms, antiasthmatic, abortifacient and stimulates the central nervous system (plant); stimulating the intestinal tract (essential oil); carminative, antiinflammatory and diaphoretic (seed, stem and leaf); antiasthmatic, antitussive, emollient and expectorant (seed)

Antibiotic (fruit skin); stomachic (leaves)

Diuretic, stomachic, febrifuge, abortifacient and anti-aphrodisiac (leaves)

Analgesic, antispasmodic, cardiotonic, diaphoretic and diuretic (root and leaves)

Diuretic, carminative, ecbolic, emmenagogue, antidandruff, antispasmodic, aperient, digestive, expectorant, galactofuge, kidney, stomachic, tonic and antipyretic (herb); antiscorbutic (leaves)

Analgesic, antibacterial, antifungal, antitussive, carminative, expectorant and febrifuge (root)

Analgesic, antiseptic (urinary), bitter, cholagogue, diuretic, stimulant and tonic (leaves).

Muscle tonic, hypocholesterolemic, cellular oxygenation, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antitumorous, anticancerous, antileukemic, aphrodisiac, immunomodulator (selectively modulates overactive immune cells), steroidal.

Alterative, antibacterial, antirheumatic, aphrodisiac, bitter stomachic, cholagogue, diuretic, expectorant, febrifuge, hypoglycaemic, ophthalmic, skin, vasodilator and tonic (bark)

Alterative, antibacterial, antirheumatic, aphrodisiac, bitter stomachic, cholagogue, diuretic, expectorant, febrifuge, hypoglycaemic, ophthalmic, skin, vasodilator and tonic (bark)

Antidote, antiemetic, antipyretic and refrigerant (stem); antiasthmatic, antiemetic, antipyretic, antitussive, depurative, diuretic, febrifuge, lithontripic, sedative, sialogogue and stomachic (root).