Anodyne, astringent (mild), demulcent, emollient, expectorant, haemostatic, refrigerant, vulnerary (root and leaf)

Antiviral, stimulates the secretion of gastric juices. aphrodisiac and carminative (bud); antiinflammatory (plant); antibacterial, rubefacient, counter-irritant, antispasmodic, aids in stabilizing blood circulation, regulates body temperature and analgesic.

The whole herb is anthelmintic, aromatic, digestive, diuretic, emmenagogue, sedative and stomachic; laxative and kills nematodes (root); antibacterial (against Gram-positive types) (flower extract)

Analgesic, anaesthetic, antispasmodic, antibacterial, antidote, candidicide, digestive, diuretic, febrifuge, fungicide, hypotensive, myorelaxant, nematicide, narcotic, sedative, hallucinogenic, stimulant and pediculicide (leaves and whole plant)

Anthelmintic, antispasmodic, aromatic, diaphoretic, diuretic, purgative and stomachic (whole plant)

Antibacterial, cholagogue, decongestant, depurative, diuretic, febrifuge, galactogogue, laxative and stomachic (plant); anticancer (stem)

All parts of the plant, but especially the root, are slightly aperient, cholagogue, depurative, strongly diuretic, hepatic, laxative, stomachic and tonic. The root is also experimentally cholagogue, hypoglycaemic and a weak antibiotic against yeast infections; antitumor and hypoglycemic (plant); prevents gall and kidney stone formation and aids in eliminating these stones. if present (root and leaf).

Abortifacient, analgesic, antirheumatic, antitumor, diaphoretic, diuretic, emmenagogue, febrifuge and pectoral (plant)

Antirheumatic, diuretic and anthelmintic (root); antihepatotoxic, stimulates the central nervous system, antiprotozoal, purifies the blood and analgesic (plant).

Anthelmintic (seeds); anodyne, carminative, digestive, laxative and pectoral (plant)

Restorative and tonic (leaves); analgesic, antibacterial, antirheumatic, antispasmodic, depurative, emmenagogue, febrifuge, resolvent, tonic and vasodilator (flowering stem); cardiotonic and haemostatic (seeds)

Cooling and stomachic (seeds); refrigerant (fruits)

Aanodyne, antiphlogistic, blood purifier, depurative, febrifuge, resolvent, diuretic and galactagogue (root); vermifuge (seed); bechic and expectorant (roots and seeds).

Alterative, analgesic, antiaggregant, antiedemic, antiexudative, antiinflammatory, antiprostaglandin, antispasmodic, antitumor, astringent, carcinogenic, carminative, collyrium, decongestant, digestive, diuretic, emollient, expectorant, fumitory, hemostatic , hepatotoxic, hypotensive, immunostimulant, insecticide, lactagogue, laxativ, lymphotonic, myorelaxant, nervine, antidote, proteolytic, sedative, stimulant, tonic, vasodilator and vulnerary (plant);

Analgesic, antiseptic, aphrodisiac, carminative, CNS Stimulant, contraceptive, diuretic, hallucinogen, narcotic and psychomimetic (seeds)

Anodyne (leaves)

Anodyne, discutient, diuretic, emmenagogue, galactogogue, styptic and vulnerary (seed); febrifuge and tonic (sap)

Anodyne, discutient, diuretic, emmenagogue, galactogogue, styptic and vulnerary (seed); febrifuge and tonic (plant sap)

Analgesic, antiaging, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, apoptotic, astringent, blood tonic, cerebrotonic, depurative, detoxicant, emmenagogue, hypocholesterolemic, memorigenic, neuronogenic.

Carminative, stomachic, tonic and stimulant (root bark) and antiallergic (plant).