Anodyne, anti-inflammatory, antiperiodic, antiseptic, astringent, diaphoretic, diuretic, febrifuge, hypnotic, sedative and tonic (bark)

As an anodyne and febrifuge (bark); aphrodisiac, cordial and stimulant (flowers)

Antiviral (root); as a tonic and stimulant in low fevers and as an emmenagogue (bark); ascarifuge (stem bark); antiscorbutic and astringent (leaves); deobstruent, carminative, diuretic, lithontriptic, and stomachic (fruits); purgative, diuretic and tonic (seed)

Astringent (fruit pulp); stomachic, carminative, antispasmodic and tonic (root)

Inhibit reverse transcriptase, adjuvant, alterative, analgesic, anthelmintic, anticonvulsive, antidiarrheal, antiemetic, antihemorrhagic, aphrodisiac, blood cleanser, carminative, diuretic, emetic, emmenagogue, expectorant, febrifuge, hemostat and laxative.

Astringent, refrigerant, styptic and tonic (leaves); anodyne, astringent, diuretic, febrifuge, haemostatic, tonic and vulnerary (root)

Anodyne, astringent, diuretic, febrifuge, haemostatic, tonic and vulnerary (root)

Analgesic and diaphoretic (root)

Diuretic and sedative (essential oil); anticancer, anticatarrhal, antispasmodic, astringent, carminative, digestive, diuretic, laxative, stomachic, sudorific and vermifuge (plant); antiseptic and carminative (flower)

Depresses central nervous system (rhizome); anodyne, antibacterial, antispasmodic, aphrodisiac, carminative, skin, stimulant, stomachic, tonic and vermifuge (root).

The leaves are considered stomachic and anthelmintic.

Diuretic (leaf); alleviates spasms, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, analgesic (pain-reliever), antispasmodic, anticancerous (plant); anti-diabetes mellitus (leaf and stem)

Alterative, analgesic, antiinflammatory, depurative, diuretic, hypotensive, laxative, narcotic, sedative, vermifuge and vulnerary.

Inhibit HIV infection in human T lymphocyte cells and mononuclear phagocytic lineage cells; anodyne, antibacterial, anticholesterolemic, antipyretic, antispasmodic, astringent, cholagogue, diuretic, expectorant, febrifuge, haemostatic, laxative, nervine, mildly sedative, stomachic and tonic (roots)

Emollient, diuretic, lactagogue, aphrodisiac, analgesic.

Appetizer, astringent, digestive, diuretic, emollient, refrigerant and stomachic.

As renal tonic, stomachic and cardiotonic (leaf sap); anodyne, alterative (for blood pressure), laxative, antiphlogistic, diaphoretic, antiscorbutic, sialagogic and anthelmintic (whole plant).

Anodyne, cardiac, febrifuge, salve, stimulates blood circulation (whole plant);

Antihemorrhagic, pungent, demulcent, antispasmodic and antihepatotoxic (seed); sudorific, aperient, diaphoretic and gentle laxative (leaf); astringent, bitter, cholagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, emmenagogue, hepatic, stimulant, stomachic and tonic (plant)

Astringent, bitter, cholagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, emmenagogue, hepatic, stimulant, stomachic and tonic (whole plant);