Tonic, adaptogen, anticholesteremic, mildly anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, nervine and immune tonic (whole plant); adaptogen, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycaemic, tonic and vasodilator (root and root bark).

Astringent, carminative and diuretic (plant); emmenagogue, nervine and tonic (bulb)

Antitussive, cholagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant, nervine, purgative, stimulant and vulnerary (whole herb)

Nervine, antispasmodic, alterative and diaphoretic

Anodyne, anti-inflammatory, antirheumatic, carminative, nervine and vasodilator (roots and rhizomes);

Diuretic (ripe fruit juice); vermifuge (root); sedative, antispasmodic, hypotensive, and nervine (bark, leaves, root)

Aperient, carminative, diuretic, emmenagogue, nervine, stimulant, tonic, increases nerve strength (fruit); anticonvulsant, tranquillizing and antifungal (essential seed oil); potent aphrodisiac (seed); antigalactogogue, antiseptic.

Anthelmintic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, cholagogue, diaphoretic, digestive, emmenagogue, expectorant, nervine, purgative, stimulant, slightly tonic (plant); appetizer, diuretic, haemostatic and stomachic (leaves); antirheumatic, antispasmodic, and stomachic (stem)

Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antiseptic, antitussive, diuretic, expectorant, nervine, sialagogue, stomachic, nervous stimulant and tonic (root); refrigerant (a drink made from plant).

Anti-pyretic, bechic, diuretic, expectorant, nervine, stimulant and tonic (root); antitussive and stomachic (dried root).

Nervine, stimulant, antispasmodic.

Antiseptic, antiinflammatory, diuretic, febrifugal, nervine, laxative, demulcent, emollient and diaphoretic (herb)

Antitubercular (flower tops and root) and anticonvulsant (plant); nervine and alterative tonic.

Structural toner, diaphoretic, nervine, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, uterine tonic, emmenagogue, anti-spasmodic, anti-rheumatic, diuretic.

Antispasmodic and emmenagogue (whole plant); depurative, nervine, fermifuge.

Alterative, analgesic, antispasmodic, aperient, astringent, carminative, demulcent, emmenagogue, expectorant, nervine, rejuvenative, and stimulant.

Expectorant, aphrobisiac and as nervine tonic (tuber)

Antispasmodic, cathartic, emetic, narcotic, nervine, pediculicide, toxic and vermifuge (seeds)

Analgesic and antiinflammatory (root), Astringent, diuretic, febrifuge, expectorant, laxative, nervine, tonic.

Aromatic, stimulant, alexiteric, antispasmodic, cardiotonic, diaphoretic and nervine (flowers); vermifuge (plant)