An aromatic evergreen shrub growing 5-9m. Roots robust, ligneous, fusiform, dilated in parts, and with a light purplish-red external layer. Young branches covered with brownish pubescence. Leaves alternate, petiolate, oval-elliptical, often orbicular 3-7 cm l°l!g by 1.5-4 cm wide; abruptly acuminate, coriaceous, 3-veined; glossy above, glaucous and puberulous beneath. Flowers dioecious or polygamousl; yellow in colour. Fruit a black drupe.

Aromatic, decongestant, stomachic (plant); diuretic and vermicidal (fruit); febrifuge (seed); anodyne, antiphlogistic, antispasmodic, astringent, carminative, diaphoretic, stomachic and tonic (root)

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A decoction of fruit is used in the treatment of abdominal distension, menstrual pain, stomach chills, dysuria, oedema, fungal infections, scabies and worms. The root is used in the treatment of menstrual pain, enuresis, frequent micturition, tightness in the chest and pain in the hypochondriac region, periumbilical colic and distension with pain of the lower abdomen.

Jing-Nuan Wu. An Illustrated Chinese Materia Medica. P: 384, Oxford University Press, Inc.2005.