Used as tonic after childbirth (decoction of roots); antipyretic (plant); antihemorrhagic (bark).

Roots are considered carminative, tonic and diuretic and used in bilious complaints. Leaves are galactagogue, diuretic, potentiates barbiturates and in mice, influences the central nervous system (50% EtOH plant extract).

Aromatic, stimulant, alexiteric, antispasmodic, cardiotonic, diaphoretic and nervine (flowers); vermifuge (plant)

Abortifacient, contraceptive, diuretic, emmenagogue, ophthalmic, tonic and vulnerary (plant); astringent, diuretic, haemostatic, resolvent and vulnerary (flowers).

Alterative, diuretic and tonic (dried tubers)

Alterative, tonic; diaphoretic and diuretic (tea from root)

Abortifacient, anthelmintic, antispasmodic, aromatic, digestive, diuretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, febrifuge, galactogogue, stimulant and tonic (flowering stem, root bark)

Cardiac, strongly diuretic, stimulant and tonic (leaves)

Cardiotonic, diuretic, stimulant and tonic (leaf); promotes and stimulates the activity of all muscle tissues, improves blood flow to the kidneys and aids in removing any obstructions there thus improving urination, poisonous (can be fatal in high doses) and sedative.

Astringent (leaf and bark); hypothermic and stimulates the cardiovascular and central nervous systems (leaf); antimicrobial (seed extract); tonic and laxative (fruit)

Anthelmintic, digestive and gently tonic (tuber)

The plant is bitter, aperient and tonic, and alleviates spasms (50% EtOH aerial part extract); fruit is used as an aphrodisiac and tonic.

Antirheumatic, cancer, emmenagogue, galactofuge, haemostatic, hepatic and tonic (roots); diuretic (seed); for rheumatism (plant)

Antispasmodic, emmenagogue, cardiotonic, and antiasthmatic

Anodyne, blood tonic and carminative (plant)

As a general tonic (fruit); vermifuge (fruit flesh); febrifuge (decoction of the leaves and roots)

Aromatic, bitter, nervine tonic, alterative, diuretic, aphrodisiac and lowers blood sugar (root); increases nerve strength (plant).

Diuretic, febrifuge and emetic (decoction of plant); diuretic and antihepatic (entire plant); as vulnerary (leaves); tonic and depurative (aerial parts).

Acrid, coolant, refrigerant, diuretic, aphrodisiac, laxative, expectorant, cardiotonic, antipyretic, antioxidative, antiviral, anti-emetic.

The plant is pungent and very bitter; anthelmintic. It is also considered to have tonic, stomachic and laxative properties, stimulates the heart; antipsychotic and antiinflammatory (plant); carminative.