The whole herb is anthelmintic, aromatic, digestive, diuretic, emmenagogue, sedative and stomachic; laxative and kills nematodes (root); antibacterial (against Gram-positive types) (flower extract)

Anthelmintic, antispasmodic, aromatic, diaphoretic, diuretic, purgative and stomachic (whole plant)

Antibacterial, cholagogue, decongestant, depurative, diuretic, febrifuge, galactogogue, laxative and stomachic (plant); anticancer (stem)

All parts of the plant, but especially the root, are slightly aperient, cholagogue, depurative, strongly diuretic, hepatic, laxative, stomachic and tonic. The root is also experimentally cholagogue, hypoglycaemic and a weak antibiotic against yeast infections; antitumor and hypoglycemic (plant); prevents gall and kidney stone formation and aids in eliminating these stones. if present (root and leaf).

Cooling and stomachic (seeds); refrigerant (fruits)

Carminative, stomachic, tonic and stimulant (root bark) and antiallergic (plant).

Alterative, astringent, mildly diuretic, mildly expectorant, stomachic and tonic (leaves and roots)

Diuretic and Stomachic (seeds)

Anaphrodisiac, aphrodisiac, galactogogue, ophthalmic, sedative, stomachic, women's complaints (seeds and fruits)

Tonic and stomachic (bark)

The fresh fruit is antilithic, constructive, cooling, diuretic and strengthening. The dried fruit is demulcent, cooling, mildly expectorant, laxative and stomachic. The leaves, especially red leaves, are anti-inflammatory and astringent. The seed is anti-inflammatory and astringent. The sap of young branches is diuretic.

Stomachic (root); emmenagogue, diuretic and slightly purgative (decoction of the fresh roots); diuretic (leaves); vulnerary and antiperiodic (decoction of leaves); violent purgative (flowers)

Stomachic (roots)

Anthelmintic and antibacterial (fruit’s essential oil); kills insects and toxic (to fish) (seed and bark); carminative (seed); carminative, stomachic and anthelmintic (bark, fruit, seed).

Antirheumatic (plant); anodyne, antiphlogistic, carminative, depurative, sudorific, febrifuge and emmenagogue (root); astringent, anthelmintic, carminative, diaphoretic, stimulant, antipyretic and stomachic (decoction or powder of fruits); cooling, disinfectant, and bechic (decoction of leafy branches); powerfully stimulant and tonic (resin of root bark).

Analgesic, antiemetic, aphrodisiac, aromatic, carminative, diaphoretic, digestive, expectorant, nervine, rubefacient, stimulant, stomachic.

Hypnotic, narcotic, sedative, stomachic and tonic (seeds); useful in arresting secretion or bleeding (bark); purifies the blood and aids digestion, increases the function of the brain by releasing more glutamic acid into the bloodstream (fruit); astringent and febrifuge (leaves); anodyne, anticancer, pectoral, refrigerant, sedative, stomachic, styptic and tonic (dried fruits).